Adverb- this is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, sign, state, rarely - an object. Adverbs are unchangeable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in -о/-е) and are adjacent to a verb, adjective, or another adverb ( fast run,Very fast,Very fast).
In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb.
In rare cases, an adverb can be adjacent to a noun: running a race (the noun has the meaning of action), a soft-boiled egg, Turkish coffee. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
There are two categories of adverbs based on meaning - definitive And circumstances.
Determinative adverbs characterize the action itself, the attribute itself - its quality, quantity, method of execution ( very, beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot ) and are divided into the following categories:
- course of action(how? in what way?): quickly, just like that, together ;
- measures and degrees(to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times;
- places ( Where? Where? where?): on the right, up there ;
- time(when? how long?): yesterday, then, in the spring, when ;
- causes(Why?): in the heat of the moment, why, because ;
- goals(Why? What for?): out of spite, why, then .
Grammatical features of adverbs
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability- this is their constant morphological feature.
However, qualitative adverbs in -о/-е, formed from qualitative adjectives, have degrees of comparison.
Due to its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence adjoining. In a sentence it usually happens circumstance.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences (At sea quiet ), however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences (The conversation will be frankly u. She is married ).
Adverbs that act as predicates of impersonal sentences are sometimes separated into an independent part of speech or into an independent category within an adverb and are called words of the state category (state words, predicative adverbs).
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs with -о/-е
Degrees of comparison of adverbs, like degrees of comparison of adjectives, indicate greater/lesser or greatest/smallest degrees of manifestation of a characteristic. The structure of degrees of comparison of an adverb and an adjective is similar.
comparative
The comparative degree of an adverb denotes a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a characteristic:
Petya is running better than jumping.
The child runs slower than an adult goes.
Like an adjective, The comparative degree of an adverb can be simple or compound.
Simple comparative degree adverbs are formed as follows:
base of the positive degree without -o (and without segments k/ok) + formative suffixes -ee(s), -e, -she/-zhe ( warmer, louder, earlier, deeper ).
From the simple comparative degree of an adjective to the simple comparative degree of an adverb differs in syntactic function: an adverb occurs in a sentence as an adverbial circumstance (He jumped higher father) or the predicate of an impersonal sentence (Became warmer ), and the adjective acts as a predicate of a two-part sentence (He higher father) or as a definition (Give me a plate slightly less ).
Compound comparative degree adverbs have the following structure:
elements more/less + positive degree (He jumped higher, than the father).
Superlative denotes the highest/lowest degree of manifestation of the trait.
Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative comparison.
Compound superlative adverbs of comparison are formed in two ways:
1) most / least + positive degree (He jumped highest ),
2) simple comparative degree + all / all (He jumped above all ); The difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is in the syntactic function of adverbial adverbial, not a predicate two-part sentence.
Condition category
State category words indicate the state of nature (It was Cold ), person (In my soul joyfully . To me hot ), evaluation of actions ( Can go to the cinema).
State category words with the suffix -o, formed from adjectives, can have degrees of comparison (Every day it became more and more colder / colder ).
In linguistics, indeed, sometimes these words are separated into an independent part of speech, called words of the state category (predicative adverbs, impersonal predicative words). Words of this group are divided into words that can be used in other syntactic positions (cf.: Sea quiet (adj.) - He was sitting quiet (adv.) - In class quiet (cat. comp.)), and words that can only be used as predicates of impersonal sentences: possible, impossible, afraid, ashamed, ashamed, time, sorry etc. A distinctive feature of these words is that they are not combined with the subject and lose the ability to denote a sign of action ( funny ) or subject ( laziness) . However, there is also a widespread view in linguistics that state category words are considered a subgroup of adverbs.
Morphological analysis of the adverb
Morphological analysis of the adverb is carried out according to the following plan:
I. Part of speech. General meaning.
II. Morphological characteristics: a) rank by value; b) immutability; c) in adverbs on-o,-e degree of comparison (if any).
III. Syntactic role.
Example of adverb parsing:
Looking at himself in the mirror, Nikolai Ivanovich howled desperately and wildly, but it was too late. A few seconds later he, saddled, was flying somewhere to hell from Moscow, sobbing with grief(M. A. Bulgakov).
I. Desperately - adverb, initial form desperately;
III. Howled (how?) desperately (circumstance).
I. Diko - adverb, initial form of wildly;
II. Mode of action, unchangeable;
III. Howled (how?) wildly (circumstance).
I. Late - word of the state category, initial form late;
II. Expresses evaluation, unchangeable;
III. (What does the sentence say?) it was late ( circumstance).
I. Somewhere - adverb, initial form of somewhere;
II. places, unchangeable;
III.Flew(Where?)somewhere( circumstance).
Adverb- This independent part Russian speeches, denoting a sign of an action, a sign of an object or a sign of another sign: gradually, competently, childishly, joyfully. The question that an adverb answers depends on what meaning it has. Most often, adverbs answer the questions: How? Where? Where? to what extent? where? When? For what? Why?
Adverb- This unchangeable part of speech. It cannot be declined, conjugated or otherwise coordinated with other words. Based on this, the adverb does not and cannot have an ending.
Differences between adverbs and conjunctions, prepositions and particles.
Adverbs from unions differ in that the former more often refer to the predicate in a sentence, less often to an adjective, adverb, numeral or noun. The conjunction serves as a connecting component between members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence or entire sentences:
A little his chest rose, indicating that he was alive (adverb).
We began to get ready to go, a little It's starting to get light outside (union).
From prepositions adverbs differ in that they do not introduce a case form of the name:
The puppy took a few steps hesitantly towards (adverb).
Towards the owner of the house came out to me (pretext).
Unlike particles, adverbs cannot syntactically connect a noun with a preposition and stand in front of it:
I was walking directly, without turning and without looking back (adverb).
Sakura petals slowly fell to the ground, falling directly on the heads of people walking in the park (particle).
Differences between adverbs and words of the state category.
State category words denote the state of a living being or nature. Most of them have the suffix -O. These words can often act as a predicate in an impersonal sentence:
Together funny walk through the open spaces (adverb).
Despite this situation, I felt funny (state category word).
Difference between adverbs and other parts of speech.
Adverb- This independent and complete part of speech, which has its own separate syntactic role in the sentence. Most often, an adverb does not have modifiers and dependent words. An adverb is also often associated with a predicate verb as an adverbial adverb.
In almost 100% of cases, an adverb can be replaced with a synonym word: then - then, first - first, at the same time - together, in vain - in vain.
What is an adverb as a part of speech? What questions does the adverb answer? How does an adverb differ from other parts of speech? Examples of adverbs.
“The Russian language is great and powerful” - we all know about this from the school board. Perhaps this is precisely why learning this great language is sometimes so difficult for us. What are all his parts of speech worth? This material will be devoted to one of them.
What is an adverb in Russian, what questions does the adverb answer?
An adverb is an independent part of speech in the Russian language. In addition to the fact that this part of speech is considered independent, it is also unchangeable. Often, adverbs in a sentence are attached to a verb or gerund, less often - to a noun, adjective or other adverb.
In Russian, adverbs can answer many questions, such as:
- Where? Where?
- How? How?
- When? How long?
- How much?
- Why?
- For what? For what?
Depending on what questions the adverbs answer, they are divided into adverbial and attributive.
Adverbial adverbs include:
- Adverbs of time - When? How long? From what time? (for a long time, constantly, for a long time).
- Adverbs of place - Where? Where? Where? (far, everywhere).
- Adverbs of reason - Why? For what reason? (that's why I'm going blind).
- Adverbs of purpose - Why? For what? (intentionally, mockery).
Determinative adverbs include:
- Adverbs of measure and degree - To what extent? How much? How many? (excessively, plenty, very).
- Adverbs of manner and manner of action - How is the action performed? How? (spring-like, quiet).
- Qualitative adverbs - What are the properties or features of the action? (jog lightly, cry quietly).
How is an adverb emphasized in a sentence?
- It is necessary to emphasize an adverb in a sentence based on its meaning. The fact is that sometimes an adverb can act as a definition, sometimes as a circumstance, and sometimes as a subject or predicate.
- If an adverb in a sentence serves as an adverbial circumstance, then it must be emphasized with a dot and a dash - “After reading the letter, Anna Ivanovna began to sob EXTREMELY.”
- If an adverb in a sentence is an inconsistent definition, then it should be underlined with a wavy line - “breakfast in ENGLISH” or “hard-boiled egg”.
- If an adverb in a sentence acts as a predicate, it is underlined by two lines - “He is MARRIED.”
- If an adverb in a sentence serves as a noun, it must be emphasized with one straight line - “Our TODAY worries everyone.”
How to identify an adverb: grammatical and morphological features of an adverb
- An adverb has no gender.
- The adverb has no number.
- The adverb has no case.
- The adverb is not inflected.
- The adverb is not conjugated.
- Adverbs have no endings.
- Qualitative adverbs ending in -e or -o and formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.
- Often adverbs depend on verbs, adjectives or other adverbs and form phrases with them.
- Adverbs are signs of action, attributes or other objects.
- In a sentence, an adverb most often acts as an adverb.
Does an adverb indicate a characteristic of an action or an object?
Adverbs most often denote a sign of an action or a sign of another sign, and only occasionally - a sign of an object. Examples:
- A sign of action is jumping high, sleeping poorly.
- A sign of another sign is absolutely absurd, so stupid.
- The sign of the subject is life apart, supplies for future use.
What is the difference between an adverb and an adjective?
- An adverb is an unchangeable part of speech, but an adjective is a changeable part of speech.
- An adverb is a sign of an action, state or other attribute, and an adjective is only a sign of an object.
- Often in a sentence, an adverb acts as a circumstance, and an adjective acts only as a modifier.
- An adverb is directly related to the action, and an adjective is directly related to the subject.
- Adverbs do not have gender, number, or case, but adjectives do.
- An adjective in a sentence can easily be omitted, but an adverb cannot.
How do adverbs differ from other parts of speech?
- Adverbs differ from conjunctions in that adverbs are often tied to other parts of speech (verbs, other adverbs, participles, nouns or numerals), and conjunctions are only a link between homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a sentence, or several sentences.
- The difference between adverbs and prepositions is that the former do not introduce a case form of the name.
- Adverbs differ from particles in that they do not obey prepositional nouns by preceding them.
- An adverb does not have dependent or modifiable words (unlike nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns).
- An adverb can often be changed to another adverb that is similar in meaning.
What is an adverb: examples
In this subsection we will look at examples of adverbs that display degrees of comparison of this part of speech:
- Simple comparative degree - obtained by adding the suffix -ee, -ey, -e, -she: fat - fatter, fatter; soft - softer; little - less.
- Compound comparative degree - obtained by strengthening adverbs with words more or less: funny - less funny; hard - more hard.
- Compound superlative - is formed by supplementing the original form of the adverb with the words most, least, or simple comparative degree - the words of all, everything: scary - most (least) scary; coolest - coolest of all (everything).
Adverb as part of speech: Video
§1. General characteristics of the adverb
An adverb is an independent part of speech.
Adverbs are a heterogeneous class of words. It includes indeclinable, inconjugable and inconsistent words. Adverbs are added to other words. Most adverbs are significant words, for example: yesterday, left, in the morning, into the distance, very, but there are also pronominal ones, for example: there, where, where, everywhere (there- index, where, where- interrogative and relative, everywhere- determinative). Pronominal adverbs have the form of adverbs, and the role of pronouns. Pronominal adverbs are among the most ancient.
The class of adverbs is replenished with words from different parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs, numerals. Becoming an adverb, a word loses the characteristics characteristic of other parts of speech, becomes unchangeable, and is used as a stamp.
1. Grammatical meaning- a sign of a sign, a sign of an action, less often - a sign of an object.
Very beautiful is a sign of a sign,
Funny laughing is a sign of action,
Coffee in Turkish- a sign of an object.
Adverbs answer different questions. It is more rational to present them below, when the categories of adverbs by meaning are considered.
2. Morphological characteristics:
- constants - immutability,
- changeable - degrees of comparison (only for adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives: good - better, beautiful - more beautiful).
3. Syntactic role in a sentence- adverbial or predicate in two-part sentences.
We got the job done quickly.
She is married.
Note:
Important information regarding words on -0- in impersonal sentences is given in this chapter at .
§2. Places by value
1. Circumstantial:
1) places (where? where? from where?): on the left, in the distance, above, there, there, below ,
2) time (when? how long?): in spring, yesterday, then, when, long,
3) reasons (why?): rashly, foolishly, stupidly, because
4) goals (why? for what purpose? for what purpose?): why, then, out of spite.
2. Definitive:
1) qualitative, or mode of action (how? in what way?): fun, slowly, like that, three of us,
2) quantitative, or measures and degrees (to what extent? how much?): very, not at all, three times.
The category of qualitative adverbs is the most numerous.
§3. Qualitative adverbs in -о//-е. Degrees of comparison
Qualitative adverbs are formed from qualitative adjectives using the suffixes -о or -е.
Like adjectives, such adverbs have degrees of comparison, which show how the attribute is manifested: to a greater (smaller) or to the greatest (smallest) degree.
Examples:
- positive degree: The son sings loud.
- comparative degree: The son sings louder, than usual. Son sings louder than his friend.
- superlative: The son sings loudest.
Like adjectives, adverbs have degrees of comparison: simple and compound.
The simple comparative degree is formed using the suffixes: -ee-, -ey-, -e-, -she-, for example:
fun - more fun (more fun),
easy - easier,
thin - thinner.
The compound form of the comparative degree of adverbs is formed by a combination of words more or less and adverb forms in the positive degree, for example:
more thin, less easily, more clearly, less bright.
The superlative also has a simple and a compound form, but in modern language the compound form is more common. It is formed using the words: most or least: most seriously, least brightly, as well as words everyone And Total, for example, more seriously everyone tastier Total.
Note:
After the words most And least the adverb is used in a positive degree, and before words everyone And Total adverb - to a comparative degree.
Simple superlative adverbs are found only in some stable combinations: most humbly, most humbly, most deeply, most respectfully I beg.
For some adverbs, the degree of comparison is a constant feature.
You more Don't write to me. You better Don't write to me.
Here are the words bigger, better are not degrees of comparison.
Usually adverbs in the comparative or superlative degrees of comparison express the same meaning as an adverb in the positive degree: The son sang louder(even more loud, value component loud relatively preserved).
In the above examples: You to me more do not write ( more does not mean: a lot of). You to me better do not write ( better does not mean: Fine)
§4. What to count with what? Adverbs and words of state category
As always, this section discusses various interpretations, opinions, and points of view.
What is the problem? What is being discussed?
There is a group of words in a language that have certain features.
These words denote the state of nature or man:
On the street Cold. To me Cold.
Formally, this group combines words with the suffix -o, formed from qualitative adjectives and having degrees of comparison.
It got cold outside . On the street colder than at home. It was coldest on the first floor.
From the examples it is clear that in a sentence these words are part of the predicate in impersonal sentences.
Traditionally, this group of words was considered as a group of special adverbs and was not identified as a separate part of speech. A number of authors highlight a special part of speech in their textbooks. They call it differently. Most often, following Academician V.V. Vinogradov - category of condition. Other names for this group of words are also known: predicative adverbs, words of condition and even state name.
- To her Cold(cat. condition).
- She answered Cold(adverb).
- Her face was Cold , there was not even a shadow of a smile on him (short adjective).
Words: you can, you can’t, it’s a shame, it’s time, it’s a pity and other similar homonyms among other parts of speech do not have. They are used only as part of a predicate impersonal sentence and belong to the category of state.
An alternative view defines these words as a special subgroup of adverbs. In this case, in order to maintain consistency, it is necessary to understand that adverbs in a sentence can be an adverb, some adverbs can be an adverb and a predicate in an impersonal sentence, and some can only be a predicate in an impersonal sentence.
There was a forest to the right.
She answered coldly.
She felt cold.
I was ashamed.
Test of strength
Check your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it correct to believe that adverbs include indeclinable, inconjugable and inconsistent words?
What is the syntactic relationship between adverbs and other words?
- Coordination
- Control
- Adjacency
Are all adverbs significant words?
Which adverbs have an inconstant (changeable) sign of degree of comparison?
- Everyone has
- In adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives
What suffixes are used to form adverbs from qualitative adjectives?
- Suffixes -o- or -e-
- Suffixes -mu- (-him-)
- Suffix -yh- (-their-)
To what extent are qualitative adverbs the feature manifested to a greater or lesser extent?
- To a positive extent
- To a comparative extent
- Superlative
To what extent is the characteristic of qualitative adverbs manifested to the greatest or least degree?
- To a positive extent
- To a comparative extent
- Superlative
What category of meaning do the adverbs belong to: rashly, foolishly, out of stinginess, out of stupidity, out of ignorance?
- Time
- Causes
What category do adverbs belong to: fun, slow, fast, threesome?
- Quality
- Quantitative
Adverb– an independent unchangeable part of speech that denotes a sign of action (breathesmooth, speak in English), sign ( Very Beautiful, incrediblehigh), sometimes an object (eggsoft-boiled, window wide open).
Syntax function
As part of a sentence, an adverb most often plays the role of circumstances (Boring stay home). Somewhat less often it can be part of a compound nominal predicate (You'll have to go home on foot).
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs
Unlike other significant parts of speech, most adverbs do not change in any way. And only qualitative adverbs, i.e. those formed from qualitative adjectives and ending in -o and -a, have degrees of comparison. They are formed according to the same rules as degrees of comparison of adjectives:
often - more often - most often;
hot - hotter - hottest.
Such adverbs create certain difficulties when studying the grammar of the Russian language, since they are homonymous with adjectives in the form of the comparative degree, and sometimes they can be difficult to distinguish.
When determining the part of speech, in this case, you should pay attention to the function that the desired word performs in a phrase or sentence.
Everest higher than Elbrus. - adjective.
Planes fly higher than birds. – adverb.
Classification
Adverbs are divided into 2 classes according to what they do in a sentence functions:
- significant– those who name the sign ( loud, unbearable);
- pronominal– those that only indicate a sign, but do not name it ( then where). Adverbs of this type, in turn, have the same classification as pronouns: demonstrative ( there, from there); interrogative ( why, when, how), interrogative-relative ( everywhere, at all) etc.
Adverbs are also divided into groups depending on their values:
- course of action or quality– answer the questions: how? how? ( fun, slowly);
- measures and degrees or quantitative– how much? to what extent? ( twice, completely, barely);
- places- Where? Where? where? ( nearby, left, upstairs);
- time- When? how long? ( early, in the fall, at first);
- goals- For what? For what? ( necessary, on purpose);
- causes- Why? from what? ( in a hurry, foolishly).
Some adverbs can play the role of a predicate in impersonal sentences. Some researchers classify them as a special class - predicative adverbs.(In the mountains Cold. She was sad.)
Spelling features
Another distinctive feature of adverbs is that they are formed as a result of a transition from one part of speech to another, and often from a whole frozen phrase of a noun, adjective or pronoun in some form with a preposition or particle ( towards, In my, hugging, scattered). It is this unusual origin of adverbs from a combination of words that creates difficulties in determining the spelling: together, separately or through a hyphen.
Despite the fact that certain rules have developed in the language (for example, adverbs formed from an adjective with a preposition are written together ( scattered), and those formed with the help of particles are separated by a hyphen ( somehow)), there are many exceptions, that is, words whose spelling is determined not by rules, but by tradition ( openly, exactly the same and etc.)
Adverbs are an important part of the Russian language. They make our speech more precise, more expressive, and help us form succinct, “voluminous” statements.