Economics of a company find online resources. Internet in the practical activities of an economist. History of the emergence and development of computers in the 20th century

Conclusion 10

Literature 11

Introduction

The Internet economy is an independent, new economy, leading to a revision of basic economic postulates. Technology is shaping a new Internet economy that is based on knowledge rather than on the expanding consumption of non-renewable resources.

The infrastructure of the modern information society, which Russia is striving for, is today unthinkable without the World Wide Web.

Using and developing the Internet, Russia and other CIS countries can accelerate the creation of an advanced information infrastructure of a modern market economy, which will make it possible to provide reliable information about the real economic situation in the country, region, industry and individual enterprise.

Chapter 1. INFORMATION SOCIETY AS A SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEM

Genesis of the information society model

The problems of forming an information society in the context of accelerating scientific and technological development are widely discussed by modern economists.

The American researcher F. Machlup made a great contribution to the study of the problems of the formation of the information society in the context of accelerating scientific and technological development. He identified the role of the knowledge industry in the formation of human capital and the acceleration of socio-economic development of society. F. Makhlup showed that “in the 60s and 70s, the production and dissemination of information became the leading sector of the national economy of developed countries, which determined the prospects for economic development” 1 .

At the end of the 80s, an analysis of socio-economic changes in the USA and other countries allowed D. Bell to give a more detailed description of the emerging post-industrial society as a service society. An analysis of the special role of communication systems in post-industrial society led to the conclusion that modern markets are “communication networks that ensure rapid growth in the number of active market subjects (due to small businesses), as well as the speed and frequency of business contacts” 2 .

The information society does not abolish material production, although most citizens begin to participate in the process of creating, collecting, storing, processing and distributing information, and not in direct production.

Table 1. Brief characteristics of technological structures

Internet economy and its components

The core of the information economy is information production, and one of the most important ways of disseminating information is the Internet - the “circulatory system” of data transmission.

The information economy, as an industrial core, is a complex of basic industries. In an industrial economy these include:

mechanical engineering;

• metallurgy;

  fuel and energy complex,

and in the information sector – the Internet economy sector.

Information Technology– these are computerized methods of generating, storing, transmitting and using information in the form of scientific knowledge and methods of their application.

Information environment- an area (side) of the information sphere of society as a whole or its subsystems (economy, region, type of human activity, etc.), directly related to information technology and forming a certain integrity, a means of communication between people.

So, the Internet economy - the economy of the information society - is a wide range of industries that produce goods and services using information technology, the achievements of modern computer science and computerization. First of all, we are talking about the electronics industry (Fig. 1).

Chapter 2. INTERNET – THE SYSTEM-FORMING CORE INFORMATION SOCIETY

2.1. Internet as an information infrastructure society

Internet in a broad sense can be defined as a global (covering the whole world) and not under the control of individual corporations or states information system that allows the distribution of text, video, audio, graphic and digital information to an unlimited number of terminals in real time.

Technically, the existence of the Internet has been possible since 1993, when the first browser was created.

The Internet is becoming the basis of the infrastructure of post-industrial society and marks a new stage in the transition of society from the “realm of necessity” to the “realm of freedom” based on the use of artificial intelligence in social management, forecasting, development and implementation of comprehensive programs at the interstate, national, regional and local levels.

2.2. History of the emergence and development of computers in the 20th century.

Table 2. Number of expected breakdowns of PC components and parts in the 90s

Conclusion

The reality of human life has become the entry into a new phase of development, which was predicted several decades ago and was called the “information society.” The formation of the Internet economy is taking place in this society.

The Internet economy is based on knowledge, not on the expanding consumption of non-renewable natural resources. The main capital of an enterprise in the Internet economy lies in intellectual property, know-how, and not in material assets and traditional resources.

Literature

Bell D. The third technological revolution and its possible socio-economic consequences. M., 1990

Govorun M. Internet – a zone of freedom//Internet World. 2000. No. 5.

Mahlup F. Production and dissemination of knowledge in the USA / Transl. from English M., 1983

Sergeev A. Internet: what are the limits of growth? // Internet World. 2000. No. 9.

1 Mahlup F. Production and dissemination of knowledge in the USA / Transl. from English M., 1983

2 Bell D. The third technological revolution and its possible socio-economic consequences. M., 1990

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Appendix A

The Internet is changing the usual ways of social communication, creating and exchanging information, forming social trends, ideas, etc. And at the same time it has a huge impact on the modern economy, increasingly acquiring the features of a separate branch of the world economy, in which more than 200 million people are already involved. The economy and society in the 21st century are changing largely thanks to the Internet.

When, back in 1957, the US Department of Defense came to the conclusion that the country needed a reliable information transmission system and initiated the development of a computer network project, few could have imagined that within the framework of the DARPA program an invention would be made that would change not only the methods of communication, but and many aspects of human life. For the first two decades, the ARPANET project remained the preserve of scientists and technical experts, even though the first email application was developed in 1971, packet data technology and coaxial cable were proposed in 1976, and by the end of 1970 -x data transfer protocols, standardized in the early 1980s, began to actively develop. The transition in January 1983 of the ARPANET to the TCP/IP protocol, which is still used to connect networks, became the basis of the modern Internet. The concept of the World Wide Web, proposed in the early 1990s. and the appearance in 1993 of the famous NCSA Mosaic web browser gave impetus to an unprecedented growth in the popularity of the world wide web, and the first examples of monetization of new inventions were not long in coming - already in 1994, Pizza Hut began accepting online orders for pizza through its own website -website.

In just over 15 years, the Internet has become a daily reality for more than a quarter of the world's population (about 2 billion people have access to it), who annually conduct approximately $8 trillion in transactions through e-commerce systems, and has radically changed the business landscape. According to a report published by the McKinsey Global Institute based on research covering the economies of the G8 countries, India, China, Brazil, Korea and Sweden (producing more than 70% of global GDP), the Internet is now responsible for 3.4% of their GDP. If we separate the consumption of Internet-related goods and services into a separate sector of the economy, its share in the overall GDP structure will be larger than agriculture or energy, larger than the GDP of Spain, while the growth rate is higher than that of one of the most dynamic economies in the world - Brazil. The Internet as an industry is becoming the main driving force of economic progress, responsible for 21% of GDP growth in the world's largest economies over the past five years.

The Internet economy covers personal activities (end-user consumption of equipment, software, household devices, e-commerce, communication services, mobile Internet), private investment (telecommunications industry, support for external and internal networks, web pages), public investment (expenses for purchase of software, equipment and services by the public sector), trade (export of equipment for the Internet and B2B services). As a sector of the economy, the Internet influences developed economies more than other segments. Thus, in Sweden, a third of economic growth over the past five years was achieved through Internet activities; the share of the online industry in the country’s GDP is 6.3%, twice as much as in Germany, France or India, despite the fact that, for example, in Russia - does not reach even 1%. The absolute world leader in the online industry is the United States; this country accounts for 30% of global Internet revenue. The UK leads the way in online retail sales: back in 2009, a Briton spent $2,535 on online purchases, 1.4 times more than an American and twice as much as a resident of any other developed country.

The Internet is driving fundamental business transformation, changing long-established ways of doing things that affect the entire value chain in all sectors of the economy, even those not directly related to IT. This applies not only to the processes of purchase and sale, but also to the development, production, and distribution of goods and services. According to McKinsey, 75% of the economic impact of the Internet comes from traditional companies that do not consider themselves online market players at all, and increase profits mainly by increasing labor efficiency.

In many industries, the profitability of large businesses is determined by the presence of dynamic distributed supply chains, attracting qualified personnel from different regions, and analyzing large data flows. Wide involvement of users via the Internet makes it possible to quickly modernize products in accordance with the latest reviews, which contributes to the introduction of innovations and the concentration of developments in the areas that are most important to consumers.

The influence of the Internet is even more significant for the segment of small, medium-sized businesses and startups - it allows even small businesses to operate globally, gain opportunities previously available only to transnational giants: communication with a user audience, global selection of suppliers, hiring remote workers with unique skills and experience, tools marketing and brand promotion. As a result, the business model of small enterprises has come closer to the patterns used by transnational corporations, and a number of enterprises have emerged that can be described as “micro-multinational”, some of which were initially focused on operating in many countries.

Based on an analysis of 4,800 small companies in 12 countries, McKinsey experts (in a separate report McKinsey Small and Medium Enterprises) argue that in all sectors of the economy, from manufacturing to retail, organizations that actively used the Internet in their activities grew almost twice as fast as those whose use of web technologies was minimal. In addition, the former received almost twice as much turnover due to the large share of exports in the sales structure, and created twice as many jobs.

In general, the structure of jobs has changed significantly due to the introduction of Internet technologies. Indeed, some professions have become simply useless, on the other hand, to support the Internet ecosystem itself, staff (engineers, technicians, etc.) is also needed, and other industries, due to changes in business processes, are opening up new vacancies. Thus, based on a detailed analysis of the French economy, experts calculated that over 15 years the Internet led to the reduction of 500 thousand jobs, and at the same time contributed to the creation of 1.2 million. Similar data is provided by a worldwide study of the SMB segment - for every one job cut, there are 2 ,6 created.

Perhaps the greatest dividends from Internet technologies have been received by users - now they can quickly compare products and prices, find discounts and promotions, use guidebooks, and receive express consultations from lawyers, doctors, psychologists (often free). According to statistics, the more product comparison resources are used, the more prices for all resellers fall, and the cost of products in online trading platforms is usually 10% lower than prices in brick-and-mortar stores. Economic benefits from using the Internet range from $18 per month per user in Germany to $28 in the UK. The consumer benefit (the difference between the maximum price he is willing to pay and the price he actually pays for a product or service) generated by the Internet in 2009 in France amounted to $10 billion, in the USA - $64 billion.

In addition, Internet users receive additional benefits (very difficult to estimate) as a community as a whole, for example by gaining access to data and the ability to search for information. 82% of people in the United States look for information about it before making a payment to a government agency, 80% use the Internet as a primary point for clarifying issues related to their health status. Public and non-governmental organizations are increasingly using the Network to conduct their campaigns, expand services, and coordinate activities.

Despite all its power, McKinsey emphasizes, the Internet's impact on the economy is still in its infancy. The fact that the Internet accounts for 6% of GDP in Sweden, and less than 4% in other developed countries, suggests that the horizon for future expansion is enormous. Future changes in technology and usage patterns will be significantly influenced by existing trends. Thus, access to “big data” (for example, in healthcare) will facilitate their transfer to the “cloud” and the introduction of services that will significantly reduce the cost of the data received and the applications used. The potential of this industry alone in the United States is estimated at more than $300 billion per year.

In countries where the Internet's potential is greatest, less developed countries have the chance to make the leap in the use of advanced technologies, similar to how they moved to the modern mobile telephony model, without going the way of developed countries (who moved to mobile communications having already built extensive lines wired). India and China already have distinctive internet economies (much of the internet industry is non-consumer oriented, with online services exported to many other countries) and are likely to grow the fastest. The capabilities of the Internet environment to disseminate knowledge, organize social interaction, and provide users with new services will initiate the creation of completely new products, from electronics to software code, and determine the transformation of the economic environment at least in the coming decades.

In the 60s of the XX century. US defense scientists have completed a project to create a special standard for an independent Computer Network that could continue to function even in the event of a massive nuclear strike. This network united computer centers of the US Department of Defense and several academic organizations. This was the beginning of the Interntting Project, or Internet.

The modern worldwide network unites about 110 million computers. Computers in such a network are connected to each other by telephone lines, fiber optic cables, and satellite communications.

There are local networks, for example within the same building, and global networks, an example of which is the Internet. Currently, the Internet is developing so rapidly that it has become a familiar and everyday means of accumulating, transmitting and using information for hundreds of millions of people.

One of the main advantages of the Internet is its absolute decentralization. Neither the government nor large corporations control the Internet. Access to the Internet is free for every citizen of the Earth and does not require any official permission.

The Internet can be imagined as a mosaic made up of small networks of different sizes that actively interact with each other, sending information messages to each other. The Internet is a self-governing and self-developing entity that does not have a single governing center and a common financial policy.

Each company that is part of the Internet independently provides solutions to its technological, organizational and financial problems. The total budget of the Internet is formed from fees paid by end or individual users - both organizations and individual citizens using information resources of the Internet.

On the Internet, each individual user and his host computer (server or host) has his own single email address. Knowing this address, you can contact him from anywhere in the world and receive the necessary information or, conversely, send your data to any email address without any restrictions at any time of the day and to any continent.

A letter by electronic mail (e-mail) differs from a regular letter in that it reaches the addressee very quickly, regardless of whether the addressee is located nearby or in Australia. You can check your email from anywhere you have a computer and Internet access. In the USA, for example, you can receive email even while on an airliner. In order for a user to organize his own mailbox on the Internet, it is enough to fill out a special form and create his address, consisting of two parts: the user name and the computer name. There are many email services on the Internet that offer their services for free.

Economically, electronic information communication of subscribers is cheaper than traditional means of telephone communication. This technology, in addition to many other advantages, ensures high stability of the global network.