Syntactic means of image. Expressive means of syntax. Rhetorical questions, appeals and exclamations. Lexical means of expression

Syntactic means- these are the means by which units of syntax are constructed, syntactic relations are expressed, and syntactic categories are formalized. They are very diverse. These include: word forms, function (relational) words, word order And intonation.

The main ones are: forms of words in their interaction And function words(conjunctions and allied words, particles, prepositions, connectives) . Only used in phrases prepositions, they do not use function words such as unions And particles.

At the level of simple and complex sentences, the indicator of the dependence of components is unions And allied words.

Intonation is the most universal syntactic means. Intonation- this is the rhythmic and melodic side of speech, which serves in a sentence as a means of expressing syntactic meanings and emotional and expressive coloring.

In formal terms, it is the presence of intonation that distinguishes a sentence and text as communicative units from a phrase.

Word order- this is the relative arrangement of words as part of a phrase and sentence in a certain linear sequence. In Russian, word order is more free than, for example, in French, English or German. However, it has certain rules for the relative arrangement of words in different types of combinations. Thus, the grammatical norm in a Russian sentence is considered to be direct word order, when the predicate is located after the subject. The agreed definition is usually placed before the word being defined, and the inconsistent definition is placed after it. Deviations from this rule are used for stylistic purposes.

So, the ways of expressing syntactic relations in a phrase and a sentence differ. In phrases these are: 1) forms of words, 2) prepositions, 3) word order; and in sentences these are: 1) forms of words, 2) function words, 3) word order, 4) intonation.

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1. 1 page. Table 1. The balance of forces between the participants in the anti-fascist coalition and Japan by the beginning of 1945. Allied forces and means (~1)

Fine and expressive means of language allow not only to convey information, but also to clearly and convincingly convey thoughts. Lexical means of expression make the Russian language emotional and colorful. Expressive stylistic means are used when an emotional impact on listeners or readers is necessary. It is impossible to make a presentation of yourself, a product, or a company without using special language tools.

The word is the basis of visual expressiveness of speech. Many words are often used not only in their direct lexical meaning. The characteristics of animals are transferred to the description of a person’s appearance or behavior - clumsy like a bear, cowardly like a hare. Polysemy (polysemy) is the use of a word in different meanings.

Homonyms are a group of words in the Russian language that have the same sound, but at the same time carry different semantic loads, and serve to create a sound game in speech.

Types of homonyms:

• homographs - words are written the same way, change their meaning depending on the emphasis placed (lock - lock);
• Homophones - words differ in one or more letters when written, but are perceived equally by ear (fruit - raft);
• Homoforms are words that sound the same, but at the same time refer to different parts of speech (I’m flying on an airplane - I’m treating a runny nose).

Puns are used to give speech a humorous, satirical meaning; they convey sarcasm well. They are based on the sound similarity of words or their polysemy.

Synonyms - describe the same concept from different sides, have different semantic load and stylistic coloring. Without synonyms it is impossible to construct a bright and figurative phrase; speech will be oversaturated with tautology.

Types of synonyms:

• complete - identical in meaning, used in the same situations;
• semantic (meaningful) - designed to give color to words (conversation);
• stylistic - have the same meaning, but at the same time relate to different styles of speech (finger);
• semantic-stylistic - have a different connotation of meaning, relate to different styles of speech (make - bungle);
• contextual (author's) - used in the context used for a more colorful and multifaceted description of a person or event.

Antonyms are words that have opposite lexical meanings and refer to the same part of speech. Allows you to create bright and expressive phrases.

Tropes are words in Russian that are used in a figurative sense. They give speech and works imagery, expressiveness, are designed to convey emotions, and vividly recreate the picture.

Defining Tropes

Metaphor is a hidden comparison, the use of nouns and verbs in a figurative meaning. There is always no subject of comparison, but there is something with which it is compared. There are short and extended metaphors. Metaphor is aimed at external comparison of objects or phenomena.

Metonymy is a hidden comparison of objects based on internal similarity. This distinguishes this trope from a metaphor.

Syntactic means of expression

Stylistic (rhetorical) figures of speech are designed to enhance the expressiveness of speech and artistic works.

Types of stylistic figures

Tropes, figures of speech, stylistic means of expression, and phraseological statements make speech convincing and vivid. Such phrases are indispensable in public speeches, election campaigns, rallies, and presentations. In scientific publications and official business speech, such means are inappropriate - accuracy and persuasiveness in these cases are more important than emotions.

In order to make speech more beautiful and expressive, various linguistic figurative means are often used. Among them are phonetic, lexical, and also syntactic, which will be discussed in our article.

What are syntactic means of expression

Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the relationship between words within phrases and sentences. Punctuation is adjacent to it - a set of rules on the placement of punctuation marks. Syntax studies such phenomena as intonation and composition of sentences, homogeneous members and addresses, conjunction or non-conjunction of parts of a complex sentence, and so on. All of the above can not only fulfill its main, utilitarian function, but also be a means of expression.

Below in the table “Syntactic means of expressiveness in the Russian language” you can see a list and examples.

Let's take a closer look at some of these means of expression.

Anaphora

Anaphora- this is unity of command. Every line of poetry or every sentence in prose begins with the same word or group of words, sound or phrase. This is a very common technique that is widely used in literature, especially poetry.

There are many examples of the use of anaphora. Let's say, in this children's song based on the poems of the poet Lev Oshanin:

May there always be sunshine

May there always be heaven

May there always be a mother

May it always be me.

In this example, a group of words is repeated. In addition to anaphora, the author uses syntactic parallelism (several lines in a row have the same syntactic structure).

Often, in one work or even a passage, not one means of expression is used, but several.

Antithesis

Antithesis- this is a contrast. Also a very common technique. Consider, for example, an excerpt from M. Yu. Lermontov’s poem “The Demon”:

I swear by the first day of creation,

I swear on his last day,

I swear by the shame of crime

And eternal truth triumph.

Each pair of lines contains a contrast. In addition to antithesis, the poet uses anaphora in the first three lines.

Inversion

This is a change from the traditional, neutral word order. For example, in Russian the sequence is perceived as neutral: first the subject, then the predicate. If the author's intention requires this, the writer or poet can swap them. Let's look at an excerpt from a poem by A. S. Pushkin:

The forest drops its crimson robe,

Frost will silver the withered field,

The day will pass, as if against its will,

And it will disappear beyond the edge of the surrounding mountains.

In this passage we observe inversion in the first three lines (beginning with the predicate, then the subject) and syntactic parallelism.

Russian has a free word order; but this does not mean that any word order is neutral.

What have we learned?

Syntax, like vocabulary and phonetics, takes part in the creation of an artistic image. Means of expression based on syntax: anaphora, epiphora, inversion, parallelism, gradation and others - allow the prose writer and especially the poet to create a multifaceted and expressive picture. As a rule, the author uses not one syntactic device, but several at once.

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Unified State Examination B 24

Artistic and expressive means of language

LEXICAL MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

1. Antonyms – different words related to the same part of speech, but opposite in meaning ( good - evil, powerful - powerless2. Contextual (or contextual) antonyms – These are words that are not contrasted in meaning in the language and are antonyms only in the text: Mind and heart - ice and fire - This is the main thing that distinguished this hero.

3.Hyperbole – a figurative expression that exaggerates an action, object, or phenomenon. Used to enhance the artistic impression: Snow fell from the sky by the pounds.

4. Litota - artistic understatement : man with marigold. Used to enhance artistic impression.

Synonyms are words related to the same part of speech, expressing the same concept, but at the same time differing in shades of meaning: friend - friend.

6. Contextual (or contextual) synonyms – words that are synonyms only in this text: Lomonosov is a genius - the beloved child of nature.(V. Belinsky)

Stylistic synonyms differ in stylistic coloring and scope of use: grinned - giggled - laughed - neighed.

8. Syntactic synonyms – parallel syntactic constructions that have different structures, but coincide in meaning: start preparing lessons – start preparing lessons.

9.Metaphor – hidden comparison based on the similarity between distant phenomena and objects. The basis of any metaphor is an unnamed comparison of some objects with others that have a common characteristic.

10.Metonymy – transfer of meanings (renaming) according to the contiguity of phenomena. The most common transfer cases:

a) from a person to any of his external signs: Is it lunchtime soon? - asked the guest, turning to quilted vest;

b) from the institution to its inhabitants: Whole boarding recognized the superiority of D.I. Pisareva;

11.Synecdoche – a technique by which the whole is expressed through its part (something smaller included in something larger) A type of metonymy. Love the book! (singular meaning)

12.Oxymoron – a combination of words with contrasting meanings that create a new concept or idea. Dead souls

Personification is one of the types of metaphor when a characteristic is transferred from a living object to an inanimate one. When personified, the described object is externally used by a person: The trees, bending towards me, extended their thin arms.

14.Comparison– .likening one phenomenon to another Comparison is usually joined by conjunctions: as, as if, as if, exactly, etc. but serves to figuratively describe the most diverse characteristics of objects, qualities, and actions. For example, comparison helps to give an accurate description of color: Like the night , his eyes are black.

Phraseologisms are almost always vivid expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of heroes, the surrounding reality, etc.: people like my hero have a spark of God.

16.Epithet – a word that identifies in an object or phenomenon any of its properties, qualities or characteristics. An epithet is an artistic definition, i.e. colorful, figurative, which emphasizes some of its distinctive properties in the word being defined. Any meaningful word can serve as an epithet if it acts as an artistic, figurative definition of another:

1) noun: chattering magpie.

2) adjective: fateful watch.

3) Adverb and participle: peers greedily; listens frozen; but most often epithets are expressed using adjectives used in a figurative meaning: half-asleep, tender, loving gazes.

17.Periphrase- replacing the name of an item with a descriptive phrase. Desert camel ships

18Dialectisms _words, used. in a certain area. Nyasha-swamp

19.Historicisms-obsolete words due to the disappearance of objects. Oprichnik

20.Archaisms- outdated words. replaced by others. Vya-neck. Mirror-mirror

SYNTACTIC MEANS OF EXPRESSION.

1.Anaphora – This is the repetition of individual words or phrases at the beginning of a sentence. Used to enhance the expressed thought, image, phenomenon: How to talk about the beauty of the sky? How to tell about the feelings overwhelming the soul at this moment?

Epiphora- same ending

2.Antithesis – a stylistic device that consists of a sharp contrast of concepts, characters, images, creating the effect of sharp contrast. It helps to better convey, depict contradictions, and contrast phenomena. Serves as a way to express the author’s view of the described phenomena, images, etc.

3.Gradation – a stylistic figure, which implies the subsequent intensification or, conversely, weakening of comparisons, images, epithets, metaphors and other expressive means of artistic speech: For the sake of your child, for the sake of your family, for the sake of the people, for the sake of humanity - take care of the world!

4Inversion – reverse word order in a sentence. In direct order, the subject precedes the predicate, the agreed definition comes before the word being defined, the inconsistent one comes after it, the object after the control word, the adverbial manner of action comes before the verb: Modern youth quickly realized the falsity of this truth. And with inversion, words are arranged in a different order than established by grammatical rules. This is a strong expressive means used in emotional, excited speech: My beloved homeland, my dear land, should we take care of you!

5.Parcellation– a technique of splitting a phrase into parts or even into individual words. Its goal is to give speech intonation expression by abruptly pronouncing it: The poet suddenly stood up. He turned pale.

6. Repeat – conscious use of the same word or combination of words in order to strengthen the meaning of this image, concept, etc.: Pushkin wassufferer, suffererin the full sense of the word.

7.Rhetorical questions and rhetorical exclamations – a special means of creating emotionality in speech and expressing the author’s position.

Who hasn’t cursed the stationmasters, who hasn’t sworn at them? Who, in a moment of anger, did not demand from them a fatal book in order to write into it his useless complaint about oppression, rudeness and malfunction? Who does not consider them monsters of the human race, equal to the late clerks or, at least, the Murom robbers?

PUNCTUATION

When children learn to speak, they start with single words. It seems that if you learn to write down words, it will be easy to reproduce a spoken sentence on paper. However, in speech, in addition to words, there is also intonation, logical stress, timbre of voice, and expressive prolongation of vowels. If you need to convey dry information, you can get by with the simplest recording of words (for example, in a telegram). But in order to record an expressive, emotional speech, to convey the mood, the author will have to either become unbearably verbose (after all, every breath, tears in the voice, raised eyebrow in amazement must be described in words), or lose too much. One might say that all fiction grew out of the attempt to overcome the shackles of written language. Writers have always looked for a way to introduce additional information into the text that cannot, and should not, be expressed in words, because it concerns not the word, but the statement as a whole. This is how punctuation marks appeared, a kind of commentary on the text.

All punctuation marks form a certain system called punctuation. Note that the concept of “punctuation” also includes a system of rules governing the use of these signs.

Words without punctuation marks become a simple set of words, the meaning of which is almost impossible to understand. In addition, the lack of punctuation marks deprives the text of emotional content. Thus, from the correct use of "dots", "commas", "dashes", etc. The perception of what is written depends.

Signs help divide the text into sentences, establish connections and relationships between words in a sentence. Punctuation marks help the writer to express thoughts and feelings accurately and clearly, and the reader to understand them.

Masters of artistic expression rightly compare punctuation marks to musical notes. The main purpose of punctuation is to indicate the semantic division of speech. Thus, placing a period indicates the completeness of the sentence from the point of view of the writer. At the same time, punctuation marks serve to identify various shades of meaning inherent in individual parts of a written text. For example, placing a question mark at the end of a sentence indicates not only the division of speech, but also the interrogative nature of the sentence, its special type according to the purpose of the statement. The choice of sign between parts of a non-union complex sentence, determined by one or another understanding of the relationship between these parts, in turn serves as a means of identifying semantic relationships between them.

The Russian punctuation system has great flexibility: along with mandatory rules, it contains instructions that allow punctuation options, which are determined by the rules of punctuation. Russian punctuation uses ten characters: period, semicolon, colon, dash, question mark, exclamation point, ellipsis, parentheses, and quotation marks. The function of a punctuation mark is also performed by a paragraph (writing on a new line). There are separating characters (period, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis) and separating characters (two commas, two dashes, parentheses, quotation marks).

Punctuation marks (commas, dashes, colons, etc.) appeared much later than writing was invented. People got along fine without punctuation (from the Latin punctum - “dot”), if not thousands, then hundreds of years. But modern man is forced to spend years mastering this wisdom.

It is much more difficult to convey shades of meaning in writing than to indicate sounds. It is not surprising, therefore, that there are many more punctuation rules than spelling rules. And they make more demands on the writer. It is useless to simply learn them; you need to understand under what conditions which punctuation mark to choose, to know the principles of punctuation and the meaning of punctuation marks.