What parts of speech can the subject be expressed? What questions does the subject answer? Determining the subject. Subject - personal pronoun

The subject in the Evenki language is always in the nominative case, singular or plural. In addition to the plural suffix, possessive suffixes can be added to the subject.

The subject can be expressed mainly by a noun and a personal pronoun, as well as by demonstrative, definitive, interrogative, indefinite, negative, participle, negation and conditional gerunds. The subject can also be expressed by adjectives and numerals if they are used in a substitutive role.

Subject - noun

Oinakinmi soma aya bichen. My dog ​​was very good. Edyn sotmarit edyllen. The wind blew stronger. Edu, dunnedut, inkit and I’m oran. Here, on our land, a good life has begun. Kashtanka (Oninakin gerbin) esive savre beeve icheren. Kashtanka (the dog's name) saw a stranger.

The subject can be expressed by a combination of a noun or pronoun in the nominative case with a noun or pronoun in the joint case, while the suffix of aggregate, plurality can be added to the noun in the nominative case (-a, -e, -o, -ya, -e, -e).

Bee asinunmi duduvar bidechetyn. A man and his wife lived in their yurt. Turakia nyuanyakinun guldychetyn, umukendu bidever. The crow and the goose agreed to live together.

Often, however, a noun or pronoun in the joint case is not part of the subject and serves as an object. In this case, the number and person of the predicate corresponds to the word in the nominative case.

Umneken, August nonolderokin, bi Shariknun beyumesinchev. One day in early August, Sharik and I went hunting. Beetken girkilnunmi oldoxoduk dukaneh (birdhouse) oran. The boy and his friends made a house (birdhouse).

Subject - personal pronoun

Esi tyrga bi ayat beyuktem. I hunted well today. Si iduk emenny? Where did you come from? Agkittu bu gorovo steamship two alatchechavun. At the pier we waited for a long time for the ship. Mit ulleve depchel bichet. We ate meat. Tegemi su lokochovunma odyapgasun. Tomorrow you will do the hanging. Nuӈartyn ulleӈilver nannadin dasta. They covered their meat with skin.

Subject - demonstrative pronoun

Er minnun surusinchen, tar duduvi emenmuchen. This one went with me, that one stayed at home. Taril gunivkil: soma semtu (semtevche) eriӈisun (paektyrevunnun). Those (they) say: your (gun) is very rusty. Tariӈiv (moty), horolisinixa, bururen. That moose of mine turned over and fell.

The demonstrative pronoun, being an independent member of a sentence - subject or object, can have possessive suffixes, as, for example, in the words: eriӈisun it's yours tariff that one is mine etc., forming demonstrative-possessive pronouns.

Subject - attributive pronoun

Dolboltono packed emechel. Everyone came in the evening. Ketedytyn echetyn mine sare. Many of them didn't know me. Hadyltyn hutelnunmer emechel. Some of them came with children. Meneker urikittulever ulleve nisuetip. They took the meat to the camp themselves.

Subject - interrogative pronoun

Ӈi er beeve tagren? Who recognized this man? Ekun hoktorondu bisin? What's on the path?Ӈil laӈdulav tuksasina? Who ran to my trap (ran)? Ekur er potadu bisi? What's in this bag?

Subject - indefinite and negative pronouns

Gorolo ekun-mal ichevren. Something seemed far away.Ӈi-vel avunmav bakaran. Someone found my hat.Ӈi-de eche emenmure, upkat havalnasina. No one stayed, everyone went to work.

Subject - numeral noun

Umukentyn ulumilen bichen. One of them was a good squirrel hunter. Ilantyn dudun emenmuchel. Three of them remained in his yurt. Edu dygin havaldyaatyn. Four (four) will work here.

Subject - adjective

Hegdygu beyuktevki ocha. The biggest (eldest) began to hunt. Ayatkul premiumyava gara. The best received a prize. Sagdagul nyan tatkittula emektevkil. Old people also come to school.

Subject - participle

Ollomidyaril-da, beyumideril-de collected clubtule emere. Both fishermen and hunters came to the meeting at the club. Emechel upkatva ayat ulguchene. Those who came told everything well. Goyovunӈivcha sekteldu hukledechen. The wounded man was lying on the branches.

Subject - the name of the negation achin combined with a noun (or pronoun)

Sovetskaydu Soyuztu hava achinin achin. There is no unemployment in the Soviet Union. Ke edine achinin oran! Well, it's calm! Tulile sunee achin mova ivedechen. On the street, a naked man was chopping wood.

Subject - conditional participle

Dyavrademi urgepchu bichen. The boat ride was difficult. Yavildu duga bidemi with aya. It's very good to live on the loaches in the summer. Dukumi nuan biniven aya bimche. It would be nice to write about his life.

Exercise 139

Read it. Find the subject in each sentence. Disassemble it according to the following scheme:

1. Etyrken ӈinaktai ure oyolin beyumidechen. 2. Duga bu gorotkudu urikittu bidechevun. 3. Tegemi une alagumni pioneerilnun excursiona surudeӈetyn. 4. Yaӈil oyodutyn imanna bivoy. 5. Dur irgichil kitameli khuktydere. Ge sagdy, ge - ilmakta. Ilmakta segdenneduvi vavchave eӈnekenme ugadyachan. Sagdy amardun huktydechen. Sagdy irgichi, beelve, ӈinakirva ichekse, ilmaktaduk vanevi gamalcharan. Tariӈilvun dukte halle. 6. Oi tarilva icheren? 7. Bi kuӈakarduk hanӈuktam: “Ngi minnun surudeen, vegetable garden havaldavi?” Umuker gune: “Bu surudeӈevun.” Gil gune: “Bu-de surudeӈevun.” 8. Tolgokiva irudyari duvun dagadun ilcha. 9. Esi tyrga si munnun klubtule surumches. 10. Misha girkivi gunderiven badechan tededemi. 11. Ele ketedytyn emevkil. 12. Tatkitvun gulen moma.

The subject is expressed by a phrase if one word is not enough to denote a predicatively defined subject, or when it is necessary to express additional. Shades of meaning. Subject meaning and grammatical independence are expressed by different word forms. The dominant member of the phrase in the form of the nominative case creates an independent form of the subject, but does not name the subject; this meaning is expressed by the independent infinitive. The lexical meaning of the dominant member of the phrase introduces into the semantics of the subject those elements that cannot be expressed by the subject-word.

The following phrases act as subjects:

1) phrases with quantitative meaning. The main component serves as a means of expressing grammatical dependence, and the dependent component expresses the subject meaning.

A) numeral in Im.p. + noun in R.p. (TWO FRIENDS walked; FOUR FRIENDS went on a hike, SEVERAL FRIENDS wanted to dance)

B) noun with quantitative value in Im.p. + noun in R.p. (MANY BIRDS are found in our forests; A HUNDRED HORSEMAN galloped through the village)

B) noun with the meaning of measure, volume, totality in Im.p. + noun in R.p. (A BUNCH OF GUYS sat in the boat, a GLASS OF WATER was drunk)

D) a noun with a quantitative value or number. With prepositions (C, DO, ABOUT), pointing. For approximate counting + noun in R.p. (there are a DOZEN HOUSES on the shore; ABOUT TWO WEEKS have passed)

All phrases are the productive form of the nominative subject.

2) phrases with the meaning of selectivity. the main component is a numeral or pronoun in Imp., and the dependent component is a noun, or pronoun in R.p. with the preposition IZ (each of us, two of the students). The dominant member introduces shades of quantity, generalization, uncertainty, interrogative, etc. into the meaning of the subject-word combination. EXAMPLE: EACH OF THEM killed his time in his own way.

3) phrases with the meaning of compatibility. The main and dependent components are nouns. Noun in Im.p. + noun in Tv.p. with the preposition C. The subject denotes two objects that jointly produce an action or have the same attribute. This meaning is reinforced by the plural form of the predicate. If the predicate is singular, then the subject is only one noun in the nominative case. (BAZAROV AND ARKADY left the next day)

4) phrases with phase meaning. They are formed on the basis of the semantics of nouns. “beginning, middle, end” is the main component in Im.p. + noun in R.p., denoted Time periods (it was MID-APRIL)

5) phrases with metaphorical meaning. These phrases have a unique semantic structure. The main component is characterized by weakened nominativity, the dependent component has full nominativity. (A HAT of light brown CURLS fluttered on his big head)

6) phrases with an uncertain meaning. They are built on the basis of an indefinite pronoun. Indefinite pronoun in Im.p. + adjective or participle in Im.p. (I hear SOMETHING FAMILY)

INFINITIVE SUBJECT

The infinitive as a subject does not acquire an objective meaning, but remains a verb form. With infin.sub. there can be no definition. With an infinitive subject, a compound nominal predicate is used. The infinitive cannot denote the doer, i.e. producer of the action. Does not enter into homogeneity relations with the nominative subject.

The infinitive denotes an independent attribute or potential action, the characteristic of which is contained in the predicate.

Structural varieties of the infinitive subject:

1) the actual infinitive subject

2) compound subject (infinitive - nominal subject) (the infinitive of the auxiliary verb performs a formal function - it expresses the independence of the attribute that is indicated by the name).

The actual infinitive subject:

1) infinitive of a full verb (Here THINK means to rage)

2) infinitive of a verbal phraseological unit (LAYING HANDS ON YOURSELF is a terrible sin)

3) infinitive of descriptive-verbal noun phrase (OGIO) (MAKING A DECISION is a great thing)

Compound subject

The infinitive indicates the independent nature of the predicatively defined feature contained in the subject and expresses the grammatically independent position of the subject in the sentence (BEING STRONG is good, BEING SMART is twice as good)

The nominal component can be represented:

Noun in Tv.p

Adjective in Tv.p.

Communion in Tv.p.

Pronoun in Tv.p.

TYPES AND FORMS OF PREDICATE

PREDICATE is the main member of a two-part sentence, grammatically dependent on the subject and denoting a sign, action, state, property, quality of the object that expresses the subject. Predicative categories find support in the forms of the predicate: modularity, time, person.

The predicate is a predicative-defining member of a sentence.

The predicate is the support of the grammatical meaning of a sentence. The predicate expresses the predicative attribute of the subject.

In the syntactic meaning of the predicate, two elements are distinguished:

Grammatical meaning;

Lexical (material) meaning.

Real – content, semantics of the predicate. The specific name of the characteristic prescribed to the subject.

Grammatical meaning is a formal grammatical aspect (modality, tense, person). An indicator of grammatical meaning is the verb in its conjugated form or its significant absence (zero form).

EXAMPLE: The steamer was approaching the pier. The dog PRICKED EARS.

In speech, the relationships between features are different. The relationship between an object and a feature can be established by the speaker. A predicative feature includes means of modal-temporal characteristics of the relationship of the feature to the subject.

Essential elements

The real meaning is specific, it is based on the lexical meaning of the corresponding word and depends on the form of the word.

The grammatical meaning includes several elements:

1) the attribution of the characteristic to the subject. The content of the attribute is expressed and perceived as a characteristic of the subject.

2) the meaning of time, which is formalized by indicating the attribution of the attribute to the moment of speech.

3) a complex of modal meanings (assessment of the relationship of the sign to the subject as real and unreal, or assessment of the sign on the part of the subject as possibility/impossibility).

Grammatical means:

Conjugated verb forms

Zero verb form

The types of the predicate must be contrasted according to the grammatical way of expressing the predicative feature.

The material and grammatical meaning can be expressed by one lexical unit, i.e. One word can express both real and grammatical meaning, but this unit must have 2 properties:

1) semantically meaningful;

2) it must contain indicators of the conjugated form of the verb.

Substantial and grammatical meaning can be expressed separately.

There are two main structural types of predicate - simple and complex.

A SIMPLE predicate can ONLY be verbal, because only a conjugated full-valued verb (or a lexicalized combination of a verbal component with another) contains both the name of the attribute (action) and indicators of the grammatical meanings of the predicate.

A COMPLEX predicate consists of two components, the functions of which are clearly demarcated: the main component expresses only the real meaning, the auxiliary - only the grammatical one.

The complex predicate is divided into:

Compound Verbal Predicate (CVS)

Compound nominal predicate (CIS)

Related information.

Subject- this is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the question of the nominative case (who? what?).

Pay attention to the meaning (a) and the form of the expression (b) of the subject:

a) the subject is what is being said in a sentence (subject of speech);

b) the main form of expression of the subject - Nominative case(question who? what?).

Note!

To the question what? not only the nominative, but also the accusative case of the noun answers; The forms of the nominative and accusative cases can also coincide. To distinguish between these cases, you can substitute a noun of the 1st declension (for example - book): Nominative case - book; accusative - book.

Wed: Lies on the table pencil (book) - nominative case; I see a pencil(book) - accusative case.

Let's compare two sentences:

1. I did not sleep; 2. I couldn't sleep.

In meaning they express approximately the same thing. However, in the first sentence ( I did not sleep) is a subject because there is a pronoun in the nominative case ( I), in the second sentence ( I couldn't sleep) there is no subject because there is no pronoun in the nominative case ( to me- dative).

Ways to Express Subject

A) Subject - one word:

B) The subject is a whole, that is, a syntactically indivisible phrase (main + dependent word):

Note!

1) You can always ask questions to the subject: who? What? , even if it does not change by case.

2) Nominative case- the only case with which the subject can be expressed.

Note. The subject can be expressed in the indirect case if it indicates the approximate amount of someone or something. Wed: Thirty ships went out to sea. About thirty ships went out to sea. Over thirty ships went out to sea.

Subject analysis plan

Indicate the way to express the subject:

1. Single word: noun, adjective, pronoun, numeral, participle in the nominative case; an adverb or other unchangeable form in the meaning of a noun; infinitive.
2. Syntactically indivisible phrase (indicate the meaning and form of the main word).

Sample parsing

The lake seemed to be covered with ice(Prishvin).

Subject lake expressed by a noun in the nominative case.

Around noon there are usually a lot of round high clouds(Turgenev).

Subject many clouds expressed as a syntactically indivisible (whole) phrase with a quantitative meaning; main word (noun) a bunch of) is in the nominative case.

In the dark, the bearded man stumbled over something(Sholokhov).

Subject bearded expressed by an adjective in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case.

But suddenly paying two hundred, three hundred, five hundred rubles for something, even the most necessary thing, seemed almost suicide to them(Goncharov).

Subject pay expressed by the infinitive.

About an hour has passed(Paustovsky).

Subject about an hour expressed by the indirect case of the noun hour with the preposition near and indicates the approximate amount of time.

An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to competently express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main parts of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the sentence, which are subject And predicate . Usually the subject is written out and highlighted with one line, and the predicate with two.

In contact with

Classmates

The article answers the most important questions:

1. How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence?
2. Which parts of a sentence form its grammatical basis?
3. What does the grammatical basis consist of?

The subject is a word that indicates the subject to which the predicate refers. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is a subject expressed by a noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as the subject.

The subject can be expressed not only in single words, but also in phrases.

• A combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case. For example: Katya and Arina love to do figure skating.
• A pronoun, as well as a numeral and an adjective in the superlative degree. For example: The bravest came forward.
• A pronoun or noun in the nominative case combined with a participle or adjective. For example: Someone bad tore up her album with drawings.
• A combination of a numeral in the nominative case and a noun used in the genitive case. For example: Seven guys went out into the yard.

I wonder what the subjects might may even be a phraseological unit.

Predicate

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers questions such as “what does the object do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?” The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:

Compound predicates

The predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called compound. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.

Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:

Compound nominal predicate may consist of:

• Linking verbs to be and short adjectives. For example: Today Margarita was especially beautiful.
• Verbs become, appear, be considered and other semi-nominal verbs combined with a noun. He finally became a doctor!
• Verbs that mean the state of an object. Marina works as a teacher.
• A verb combined with an adjective in different forms. His dog was more beautiful others.

In a two-part sentence, both main members are present. However, there are also sentences in which only one main member is used. They are called one-component.

The subject of one-part sentences is most often a noun in the nominative case.

It can be expressed by means of a verb in its different forms.

In one-piece definitely personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the first/second person, singular/plural and present/future tense in the indicative mood or by a verb in the imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch a dirty dog!

In a single-component indefinite-personal predicate, the verb is in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by a verb in the imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call Aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.

IN generalized-personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. This is how they now talk to visitors.

In one-piece impersonal The predicate is a verb in the third person singular and present or future tense. The predicate can also be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. I'm feeling sick. It was getting dark.

It is important to remember that the number of grammatical stems in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis of a complex sentence? The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is just as easy to determine as the basis of a simple sentence. The only difference is their quantity.

What questions does the subject answer? You will receive the answer to this question in the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what parts of speech this part of the sentence can be expressed.

General information

Before you talk about what questions the subject answers, you should understand what it is. The subject (in syntax) is the main member of a sentence. Such a word is grammatically independent. It denotes an object whose action is reflected in the predicate. As a rule, the subject names what or who the sentence is about.

What questions does the subject answer?

Sometimes, for the correct and competent writing of a text, it is very important to determine. In order to do this, you should know several rules of the Russian language.

So, the subject answers the questions “Who?” or “What?” It should also be noted that when this member is emphasized by only one feature. The subject, as well as all the minor members of the sentence that relate to it, form the composition of the subject.

Expression using different parts of speech

As we found out, the subject answers the questions “Who?” or “What?” However, this does not mean that the presented member of the sentence can only appear in the form of a noun in the nominative case.

The subject is often expressed by other parts of speech that have different forms and categories.

Pronouns

The subject of a sentence can be:

• Personal pronoun: She looked right and then left.
• Indefinite pronoun: There lived someone lonely and rootless.
• Interrogative pronoun: Those who didn't have time are late.
• Relative pronoun: He does not take his eyes off the path that goes through the forest.
• Negative pronoun: Nobody needs to know this.

Other parts of speech

Once you determine what questions the subject answers, you can find it in the sentence quite easily. But for this you should know that such a term is often expressed as follows:

As you can see, it is not enough to know that the subject answers the questions “What?” or who?". Indeed, in order to correctly determine a given member of a sentence, it is necessary to know the features of all parts of speech.

Subject as a phrase

In some sentences, the subject can be expressed syntactically or lexically using indecomposable phrases. Such members usually belong to different parts of speech. Let's look at the cases in which these phrases occur most often:

Other forms

To determine the main member of a sentence, ask questions to the subject. After all, only in this case will you be able to determine it.

So what other possible combinations of parts of speech that appear as subjects in a sentence? Below are some examples:

Plan for parsing the main member of the sentence (subject)

To determine the subject of a sentence, you must first indicate its method of expression. As we found out above, this could be:

• Any single word that belongs to one of the following parts of speech: an adjective, an indefinite form of a verb, a numeral, a pronoun, a participle, a noun in the nominative case, an adverb or another unchangeable form used in the text as a noun.
• Syntactically indivisible phrase. In this case, you should indicate the form and meaning of the main word.

Example of parsing sentences

To determine the main member of a sentence, you should ask a question to the subject. Here are some examples: