The term “application” is usually understood as a definition that is expressed by a noun. It agrees with the main word, that is, it is always placed in the form of the same case.
By their nature, designs have a number of specific features. They can convey various qualities of a person, characterize a profession or occupation, convey, clarify information about age, nationality and other qualities of a person or an object, and also help spread the offer. In a sentence, you need to learn to distinguish an application from an inconsistent definition, which can also be expressed by a noun.
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Segregation of the application
The role of a separate application is played by common constructions expressed by common nouns with dependent words. An important condition can be considered the fact, that applications related to the proper noun are separated.
The selection of examples depends on a number of specific factors:
The application is isolated if the main word is a pronoun. Example: "Here it is" explanation"(L.N. Tolstoy).
If the word being defined is a noun, then one of two conditions must be met. Constructions that relate to the proper noun and come after it are isolated. Example: “Ignat Petrovich, barman, poured the guest five glasses of tea.”
In some cases, combinations appearing before a proper noun are isolated. In this situation the application can be replaced subordinate clause with subordinating conjunctions Although or because. Example: " Stubborn in everything, Ivan Sergeevich remained stubborn in his studies” - “Since Ivan Sergeevich was stubborn in everything, he remained stubborn in his studies.”
The application can be a proper name, that is, the name of a person or the name of a pet. It stands with the main common noun. The construction is isolated if the application is located immediately after the word being defined and carries some explanatory meaning, clarifies the thought, that is, words can be placed before it and his name is, namely, that is. Example: “Machine’s aunt is participating in the conversation, Ksenia Ivanovna Sidorova" - "Auntie Mashina is participating in the conversation, and her name is Ksenia Ivanovna Sidorova."
In some individual cases, double placement of punctuation marks is possible. Punctuation depends on the presence or absence of explanation, as well as the appropriate intonation when reading.
Regardless of the position in relation to the word being defined, common combinations are distinguished, which are expressed by nouns with dependent words. Usually such constructions are located after the main noun. Example: "Old woman, Vaska's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, are still alive."
Isolation of a non-widespread application is allowed only in a situation where the author seeks to significantly strengthen the semantic role of the design. The word itself is expressed by a common noun. It is located with a single defined word, which is expressed by a common noun. Example: "Father, drunkard, fed myself from an early age.” (M. Gorky)
In the texts you can find a combination with the conjunction How, which, as a rule, carries the additional meaning of causality. In this situation, the construction can be transformed by a subordinate clause of reason with subordinating conjunctions because, because, because the or in turn with the word being. The structure is usually isolated.
Example: " Like an old artilleryman, I do not recognize this type of weapon” - “Being an old artilleryman, I do not recognize this type of weapon” - “I despise this type of weapon, since I am an old artilleryman.” In the event that the union How can be replaced with a combination as, then separating the connecting turn is not required. Example: “His gesture was received like approval"“His gesture was taken as approval.”
Combinations containing revolutions by name, by last name, by nickname, are isolated if pronounced with the intonation of isolation. Example: “Peter had a little dog, nicknamed Sharik"- “Teacher nicknamed Trumpet almost no one loved.”
Using a dash instead of a comma
In some situations, a dash is used instead of a comma when separating:
In some cases it becomes possible to omit the second dash:
Non-separated applications
This role is often played by proper names, which are combined with nouns. Common nouns that immediately follow proper names can also act as non-isolated constructions. Many applications with a union are not isolated How, which convey the characteristics of an object from any one side. Example: “The reading public is accustomed to Chekhov as a comedian».
What are SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES?
Isolated circumstances are circumstances that are highlighted by intonation and punctuation.
Circumstances answer the questions WHERE? WHERE? WHEN? WHERE? WHY? FOR WHAT? And How?
How can isolated circumstances be EXPRESSED?
Separate circumstances can be expressed:
1. single gerundial participle (Making some noise, the river has calmed down)
2. participial phrase (Guys, seeing the landowner, took off their hats)
3. comparative turnover (Her head is shorn, like a boy)
4. turnover with the preposition DESPITE - circumstance of assignment (On the streets, despite the bright sun, the lights were on.)
5. nouns with derived prepositions THANKING, ACCORDING TO, CONTRARY, IN VIEW OF, CONSEQUENTIALLY, UNDER CONDITION, FOR REASON, etc. (In Elena's room, thanks to the thick curtains, it was almost dark. Children, despite the frost, went out for a walk. Children, due to his youth, no positions have been identified)
Question 4 Separate definitions
What is a SEPARATE DEFINITION?
Separate definition is a definition that is distinguished by intonation and commas.
Definitions answer questions WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? WHICH? and etc.
definitions can be expressed:
1. participial phrase (Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.)
2. adjective with dependent words (Pleased with your success, he told me about them.)
3. single adjective or participle (Happy, he told me about his successes. Tired, the tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.)
4. homogeneous single adjectives (Night, cloudy and foggy, enveloped the earth.)
Question 5 1. MATCHING 2. CONTROL 3. CONNECTION
The communication method is easiest to determine by dependent word.
Let's consider what parts of speech are used to express dependent words for each type of connection.
CONCORDING
In AGREEMENT, the dependent word can be expressed:
1.ADJECTIVE
For example: green meadow
2.PRONOUN adjective-like
For example: my briefcase
3.PARTICIPLE
For example: flying ball
4.ORDINAL NUMERALS
For example: second floor
CONTROL
In CONTROL, the dependent word can be expressed:
1. NOUN
For example: go to school
2.PRONOUN similar to a noun
For example:letter for me
CONNECTION
When CONNECTING, the dependent word can be expressed:
1. ADVERB
For example: to speak quietly
2. PARTICIPLE
For example: change without looking
3. INDEFINITE FORM OF VERB
For example: went to study
REMEMBER:
1. The method of communication is determined NOT by the main thing, but only by dependent word!
2. It doesn’t matter what question the dependent word in a given phrase answers, what matters is what part of speech it is expressed in!
3. The grammatical basis of a sentence (subject and predicate) IS NOT a phrase!
4. Homogeneous members of a sentence ARE NOT a phrase!
Question 6
Appeal- a word or combination of words that names the one to whom or what is being addressed.
The role of address is usually performed by a noun in the nominative case (with or without dependent words) or another part of speech in the meaning of a noun (adjective, participle, etc.).
The address can be at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence:
Chaadaev, do you remember the past?(Pushkin); Oh, will it be soon?My friend , will the separation time come?(Pushkin); Don't turn it offdarling , light(Malkov).
Note!
1) In order not to confuse the address with the subject, which is also expressed by the nominative case form, the following should be taken into account:
a) the address is not a part of the sentence and is not part of the grammatical basis;
b) if the subject is expressed by a noun, then the predicate is put in the third person form ( Chaadaev rememberspast); if there is an appeal in the sentence, then the sentence is often one-part with a predicate verb in the second person ( Chaadaev , do you remember the past?);
c) the address is pronounced with a special (vocal) intonation: increased stress, pause.
Imagine if people didn't use separate definitions in their speech? After all, they are the ones who extol our speech in dialogue.
Without them, our communication would be like a constant discussion, and the kids would be greeted at night with a political report, not fairy tales.
The article will examine this topic in detail, define individual definitions, we will find out what questions they answer, how they are used in writing, and how to correctly place punctuation marks when using them.
What is a separate definition
Isolated definitions are members of a sentence, highlighted by intonation and punctuation, that is, in speech they are highlighted by voice, when written they are highlighted by commas or dashes, and function as adjectives.
How to determine it
You should know that isolated definitions complement the sentence, establishing the identity of the object. But if you don’t use it, the meaning of what was said or written will not change.
To be able to isolate definitions, you need to correctly recognize them in information. Remember, the definition has its own marking, and they answer the questions:
There are two types of definitions: consistent and inconsistent.
Agreed Definitions- these are parts of speech that agree with words that can be changed by gender, case and number. Act as:
- Adjective - “A red book fell off the shelf”;
- Pronoun - “They posted an ad about my kitten being missing”;
- Numeral - “I finished third”;
- Participle - “There was rusting iron thrown behind the garages.”
Inconsistent definitions – definitions that do not change according to grammatical features.
There are two methods for linking a definition to the word being defined:
- Adjunction is a type of subordinating connection in which the subordinate word is expressed by meaning, that is, by intonation and correct placement of words.
“He looked at one place for a long time, without blinking.”
- Control is the establishment of a definition into the case form specified by the dependent word.
"Tomorrow he had to leave».
In other words, the term “management” itself explains everything. The dominant word is guided (controls) the subordinate.
A separate definition expressed by a participial phrase
In the Russian language there is such a syntactic system that has questions:
It is a participle with a dependent word and belongs to a pronoun or noun. It can function as a separate and non-separate definition. Emphasis is provided:
- If it comes after the main word:
“Igor brought a bicycle, given by parents, to your room."
"We ate potatoes, cooked over a fire."
- If it has the status of a pronoun:
"Confused by a man's complement , she looked down.”
- If defined as a circumstance:
"By writing the test first , students could leave the classroom.” Let us explain - the students could go out why, for what reason -« writing the test first.”
- If the sentence contains homogeneous participles:
"Written by my grandmother, passed down through generations the recipe was published in the new edition of the newspaper.”
In other meanings, the participle is not emphasized.
Single definitions, their isolation
A few rules for separating them:
- If it has a corresponding semantic load and is equated to a subordinate clause:
"To a delightful maiden, in love, there’s no way I’ll tell my friends.”
- If there is an additional adverbial meaning:
“The bride’s hem is constantly riding up , and both friends, worried , correct him."
- If it is separate from the defined noun:
“Olga Alekseevna again embraced Katyusha, called her beauty and, joyful, began to serve dinner.”
- When an object is instantiated:
“Half an hour later, a prolonged downpour began.”
A single definition is not isolated if:
- The predicate is related to the definition:
“I lay there, plunged into complete disappointment”;
- Is in the accusative case:
“I found him already lying on the sofa”;
- Does not agree with the pronoun:
“I watched her pensive at the easel”;
- If the text is not compelling:
“Oh, you’re smart!”
Definitions expressed by an adjective with a dependent word or single
Specific isolation can be equated to the isolation of participles. That is, the definition located before the main word is emphasized, but if before, then not:
“The evening, rainy and cold, forced me to hide in a blanket” or “The rainy and cold evening made me hide in a blanket.”
Definitions expressed by pronoun
In the case where an adjective or participle has an approach to a pronoun, they are accented with punctuation symbols, regardless of place:
“Offended, she left the cafe”;
“He immediately left the office, irritated.”
Definitions expressed by nouns in the indirect case
Isolation of nouns occurs when:
- Attributed to the pronoun:
“Olesya, in a brand new evening dress, is charming and wonderful”;
- Separated from the defined word by other members of the sentence:
“After lunch, everyone, without exception, set their sights on the guest room, where, dressed in colorful overalls, in a colored Panama hat, a girl was playing";
- Refers to a proper name:
"Boy, in a denim jacket, in light jeans And in a cap, a car was waiting";
- There are homogeneous members:
"Crowd of tourists captivated by the story, with cameras in their hands and backpacks on their backs, followed the guide."
Based on this article, let’s summarize the result. A separate definition is an important part of our speech. It makes it bright, rich and gives us the opportunity to most clearly show our own feelings.
If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or clarifying circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no fiction books, and children would not have fairy-tale characters waiting for them before bed.
It is the isolated definition found in it that colors speech. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.
Definition concept
A definition is part of a sentence and describes a feature of an object. It answers the questions “which one?”, defining the object or “whose?”, indicating that it belongs to someone.
Most often, adjectives perform the defining function, for example:
- kind (what?) heart;
- gold (what?) nugget;
- bright (what?) appearance;
- old (what?) friends.
In addition to adjectives, pronouns can be definitions in a sentence, indicating that an object belongs to a person:
- the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
- Mom irons (whose?) her blouse;
- my brother sent (whose?) my friends home;
- father watered (whose?) my tree.
In a sentence, the definition is emphasized and always refers to the subject expressed by a noun or other part of speech. This part of a sentence can consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with separate definitions. Examples:
- "Joyful, she announced the news." In this sentence, the single adjective is isolated.
- “The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state.” A separate definition is the participial phrase.
- “Satisfied with her son’s success, my mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy.” Here, an adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.
Examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.
Separate definitions
Definitions that provide additional information about an item or clarify its belonging to a person are considered separate. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:
- “Mom carried the child, who had fallen asleep on the floor, into his crib” - “Mom carried the child into his crib.”
- "Excited about her first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."
As you can see, sentences with separate definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since additional explanation conveys the state of the object.
Separate definitions can be consistent or inconsistent.
Agreed Definitions
Definitions that agree with the word whose quality is determined in case, gender and number are called consistent. In the proposal they can be presented:
- adjective - a (what?) yellow leaf fell from a tree;
- pronoun - (whose?) my dog got off the leash;
- numeral - give him (what?) a second chance;
- communion - in the front garden one could see (what?) green grass.
A separate definition has the same properties in relation to the word being defined. Examples:
- “Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone.” The participle “said” is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, like the word “speech” that it modifies.
- “We went out into the street (which one?), still wet from the rain.” The adjective “wet” has the same number, gender and case as the word it defines, “street”.
- “People (what kind?), joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, entered the theater.” Since the word being defined is in the plural and nominative case, the definition agrees with it in this.
Isolated (this was shown) can appear both before and after the word being defined, or in the middle of a sentence.
Inconsistent definition
When the definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the defined word in 2 ways:
- Adjunction is a combination of stable word forms or an unchangeable part of speech. For example: “He likes (what kind of) soft-boiled eggs.”
- Control is the setting of the definition in the case required by the word being defined. They often indicate a feature based on the material, the purpose or location of the item. For example: “the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood.”
Several parts of speech may express inconsistent separate definitions. Examples:
- A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions “s” or “in”. Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya (which one?) after the exam, in chalk, but pleased with the grade. (“in chalk” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
- A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question “what?”, “what to do?”, “what to do?”. There was one great joy in Natasha’s life (what?) - giving birth to a child.
- with dependent words. From afar, we noticed a friend in a dress (what?), brighter than she usually wears.
Each separate definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.
Definition structure
According to their structure, definitions can consist of:
- from a single word, for example, delighted grandfather;
- adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
- from several separate definitions - a grandfather, delighted with the news he told.
The isolation of definitions depends on which defined word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by dashes (for example, the greatest success (which one?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).
Separating the participle
The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are found most often, is a single participle with this type of definition is placed if it comes after the word that defines.
- The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated on both sides by commas.
- The painting (which one?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.
If the participle or participial phrase comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not placed:
- The frightened girl silently walked forward.
- The painting, painted in Italy, became his favorite creation.
You should know about the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:
- when creating a real participle in the present. tense from the verb 1st conjugation, the suffix is written -ushch -yushch (thinks - thinking, write - writers);
- when created in the present day. time of the active participle 2 sp., use -ash-yasch (smoke - smoking, sting - stinging);
- in the past tense, active participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
- Passive participles are created with the addition of the suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (led - led, loved - loved).
In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.
Isolation of an adjective
Single or dependent adjectives are distinguished in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and rules are similar to a participle) appears after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, but if before, then not.
- The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning was not conducive to a walk).
- An angry mother can remain silent for several hours. (An angry mother can remain silent for several hours).
Isolation with a defined personal pronoun
When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:
- Frustrated, she went into the yard.
- They, tired, went straight to bed.
- He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.
When a defined word is separated by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction demonstrate this) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling light, expanded (M. Gorky).
Other definitions
A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey meaning by relationship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:
- The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new applicants.
- Mom, in her usual robe and apron, has not changed at all this year.
Such constructions carry additional messages about the object.
The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, the material will be well absorbed.
§1. Separation. General concept
Separation- a method of semantic highlighting or clarification. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated. Typically, stand-outs allow you to present information in more detail and draw attention to it. Compared to ordinary, non-separated members, segregation sentences have greater independence.
The distinctions are different. There are separate definitions, circumstances and additions. The main members of the proposal are not isolated. Examples:
- Separate definition: The boy, who had fallen asleep in an uncomfortable position right on the suitcase, shuddered.
- An isolated circumstance: Sashka was sitting on the windowsill, fidgeting in place and swinging his legs.
- Isolated addition: I heard nothing except the ticking of the alarm clock.
Most often, definitions and circumstances are isolated. Isolated members of a sentence are highlighted intonationally in oral speech, and punctuationally in written speech.
§2. Separate definitions
Separate definitions are divided into:
- agreed upon
- inconsistent
The child, who had fallen asleep in my arms, suddenly woke up.
(agreed separate definition, expressed by participial phrase)
Lyoshka, in an old jacket, was no different from the village children.
(inconsistent isolated definition)
Agreed Definition
The agreed separate definition is expressed:
- participial phrase: The child who was sleeping in my arms woke up.
- two or more adjectives or participles: The child, well-fed and satisfied, quickly fell asleep.
Note:
A single agreed definition is also possible if the word being defined is a pronoun, for example:
He, full, quickly fell asleep.
Inconsistent definition
An inconsistent isolated definition is most often expressed by noun phrases and refers to pronouns or proper names. Examples:
How could you, with your intelligence, not understand her intention?
Olga, in her wedding dress, looked extraordinarily beautiful.
An inconsistent isolated definition is possible both in the position after and in the position before the word being defined.
If an inconsistent definition refers to a defined word expressed by a common noun, then it is isolated only in the position after it:
The guy in the baseball cap kept looking around.
Definition structure
The structure of the definition may vary. They differ:
- single definition: excited girl;
- two or three single definitions: girl, excited and happy;
- a common definition expressed by the phrase: a girl excited by the news she received...
1. Single definitions are isolated regardless of the position relative to the word being defined, only if the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun:
She, excited, could not sleep.
(single isolated definition after the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
Excited, she could not sleep.
(single isolated definition before the word being defined, expressed by a pronoun)
2. Two or three single definitions are isolated if they appear after the word being defined, expressed by a noun:
The girl, excited and happy, could not fall asleep for a long time.
If the defined word is expressed by a pronoun, then isolation is also possible in the position before the defined member:
Excited and happy, she could not fall asleep for a long time.
(isolation of several single definitions before the word being defined - pronoun)
3. A common definition expressed by a phrase is isolated if it refers to the defined word expressed by a noun and comes after it:
The girl, excited by the news she received, could not fall asleep for a long time.
(a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase, comes after the word being defined, expressed by a noun)
If the word being defined is expressed by a pronoun, then the common definition can be in a position either after or before the word being defined:
Excited by the news she received, she could not sleep for a long time.
She, excited by the news she received, could not sleep for a long time.
Separate definitions with additional adverbial meaning
Definitions preceding the word being defined are separated if they have additional adverbial meanings.
These can be both common and single definitions, standing immediately before the defined noun, if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, etc.). In such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by a subordinate clause of the reason with the conjunction because, subordinate clause conditions with conjunction If, subordinate assignment with conjunction Although.
To check the presence of an adverbial meaning, you can use the replacement of the attributive phrase with a phrase with the word being: if such a replacement is possible, then the definition is separated. For example:
Severely ill, the mother could not go to work.
(additional meaning of reason)
Even when she was sick, the mother went to work.
(additional value of concession)
Thus, various factors are important for separation:
1) what part of speech the word being defined is expressed by,
2) what is the structure of the definition,
3) how the definition is expressed,
4) whether it expresses additional adverbial meanings.
§3. Dedicated Applications
Application- this is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden. The application could be:
1) single: Mishka, the restless one, tortured everyone;
2) common: Mishka, a terrible fidget, tortured everyone.
An application, both single and widespread, is isolated if it refers to a defined word expressed by a pronoun, regardless of the position: both before and after the defined word:
He is an excellent doctor and helped me a lot.
Great doctor, he helped me a lot.
A common application is isolated if it appears after the defined word expressed by a noun:
My brother, an excellent doctor, treats our entire family.
A single non-widespread application is isolated if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words:
He saw his son, the baby, and immediately began to smile.
Any application is isolated if it appears after a proper name:
Mishka, the neighbor's son, is a desperate tomboy.
An application expressed by a proper name is isolated if it serves to clarify or explain:
And the neighbor’s son, Mishka, a desperate tomboy, started a fire in the attic.
The application is isolated in the position before the defined word - a proper name, if at the same time an additional adverbial meaning is expressed.
The architect from God, Gaudi, could not conceive an ordinary cathedral.
(why? for what reason?)
Application with union How is isolated if the shade of the reason is expressed:
On the first day, as a beginner, everything turned out worse for me than for others.
Note:
Single applications that appear after the word being defined and are not distinguished by intonation during pronunciation are not isolated, because merge with it:
In the darkness of the entrance, I did not recognize Mishka the neighbor.
Note:
Separate applications can be punctuated not with a comma, but with a dash, which is placed if the application is especially emphasized by voice and highlighted by a pause.
New Year is coming soon - children's favorite holiday.
§4. Standalone Add-ons
Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion-exclusion or substitution values. For example:
No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.
"Unified State Exam Navigator": effective online preparation §6. Isolation of comparative turnovers
Comparative turnovers are distinguished:
1) with unions: How, as if, exactly, as if, What, how, than etc., if relevant:
- simile: The rain poured down as if from a sieve.
- similes: Her teeth were like pearls.
2) with a union like:
Masha, like everyone else, prepared well for the exam.
Comparative turnover is not isolated, If:
1. are of a phraseological nature:
It stuck like a bath leaf. The rain was pouring down like buckets.
2. the circumstances of the course of action matter (the comparative phrase answers the question How?, often it can be replaced with an adverb or noun in the like:
We're walking in circles.
(We walk(How?) like in a circle. You can replace noun. in etc.: all around)
3) turnover with the union How expresses meaning "as":
It's not a matter of qualifications: I don't like him as a person.
4) turnover from How is part of a compound nominal predicate or is closely related to the predicate in meaning:
The garden was like a forest.
He wrote about feelings as something very important to him.
§7. Separate clarifying members of the sentence
Clarifying members refer to the word being specified and answers the same question, for example: where exactly? when exactly? Who exactly? which one? etc. Most often, clarification is conveyed by isolated circumstances of place and time, but there may be other cases. Clarifying members can refer to the addition, definition, or main members of the sentence. Clarifying members are isolated, distinguished by intonation in oral speech, and in written speech by commas, parentheses or dashes. Example:
We stayed up late, until nightfall.
Below, in the valley stretched out in front of us, a stream roared.
The qualifying member usually comes after the qualifying member. They are connected intonationally.
Clarifying members can be introduced into a complicated sentence:
1) using unions: that is, namely:
I am preparing for the Unified State Examination C1 task, that is, for an essay.
2) also words: especially, even, in particular, mainly, For example:
Everywhere, especially in the living room, was clean and beautiful.
Test of strength
Find out your understanding of this chapter.
Final test
Is it true that isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification?
Is it true that only minor members of the sentence are separated?
What can be separate definitions?
- common and not common
- agreed and uncoordinated
Are isolated definitions always expressed by participle phrases?
In what case are definitions standing before the word being defined isolated?
- if an additional adverbial meaning is expressed
- if no additional adverbial meaning is expressed
Is it correct to think that application is a special type of definition, expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines?
What prepositions are used in prepositional-case combinations, which are separate objects?
- about, in, on, to, before, for, under, over, before
- except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with
Is it necessary to separate gerunds and participial phrases?
Is it necessary to separate circumstances with a pretext? despite?
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