3) What are the rules of punctuation when separating definitions and applications?
4) what are the rules of punctuation when isolating circumstances?
5) which parts of the sentence are called clarifying?
6) with what intonation are the isolated parts of the sentence pronounced?
1) Which parts of the sentence are called homogeneous?2) With what intonation are they pronounced?
3) Which members of a sentence can be homogeneous?
4) How can homogeneous members of a sentence be combined? Show with the help of diagrams.
5) With the help of what punctuation marks are homogeneous members - emphatic or divisive - drawn up in writing?
6) In what cases are homogeneous members of a sentence separated by a comma? Show with the help of diagrams.
7) What words with homogeneous members of a sentence are called generalizing?
8) Show with the help of diagrams how sentences with a generalizing word with homogeneous members are drawn up in writing.
Predicates?
Give examples of uncommon sentences with expressed subjects:
1) noun
2) personal pronoun
Give examples of uncommon sentences with predicates, expressed:
1) verb
2) noun
What proposals are called common?
Name the minor part of the sentence.
What minor part of a sentence is called an object? Definition? Circumstance?
sentences that consist of two or more simple clauses; c) sentences that contain only a predicate or a subject.
2. One-part sentences are divided into the following types: a) nominative, indefinitely personal, complete, impersonal, generalized personal; b) definitely personal, nominative, narrative, generalized personal; c) nominal, indefinitely personal, definitely personal, impersonal, generalized personal.
3. What are the names of one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a definite person: a) generalized-personal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) denominative, e) impersonal.
4. Which of the sentences is impersonal: a) Don’t rush with your tongue, drive with your deeds. b) I can’t write today. c) The puddles were covered with blue ice.
5. What are the names of one-part sentences in which there is a predicate, but there is not and cannot be a subject: a) definitely personal; b) impersonal, c) indefinitely personal, d) nominal. 6. Which of the sentences is indefinitely personal: a) There is a small bathhouse in the garden.
b) The bathhouse was recently heated. c) Wake me up early tomorrow.
7. What are the names of sentences in which the actor is not named and is thought of as an indefinite person: a) impersonal, b) indefinitely personal, c) definitely personal, d) denominative.
8. Which of the sentences is generalized-personal: a) The patient could not sleep at night. b) You get tired of hard work quickly. c) There is a serial street number on the gate.
9. What are the names of sentences in which there is only a subject: a) impersonal, b) definitely personal, c) nominative, d) indefinitely personal; e) generalized-personal.
10. Which of these sentences is denominative: a) The first snow fell on the ponds. b) The snow creaks under the sleigh. c) White music under the runners. 11. Which of these sentences is definitely personal: a) The empty old house immediately became noisy. b) Well, brothers, let’s play my favorite song to bedtime! c) Remember those who did not return from the war.
12. In which sentences is the predicate expressed in the form of 1st or 2nd person singular? and many more will reveal the numbers. and imperative mood: a) impersonal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) nominative, e) generalized-personal.
13. In which sentences is the predicate expressed in the past tense plural form? numbers and 3 persons plural: a) impersonal, b) indefinite-personal, c) definite-personal, d) nominative.
14. In which sentences is the predicate expressed by an impersonal verb or a personal verb in an impersonal form: a) nominal; .b) definitely personal, c) indefinitely personal, d) impersonal.
15. What are the names of sentences that contain all the main and minor members necessary to understand their meaning: a) impersonal, b) complete; c) indefinitely personal, d) nominative; d) incomplete.
16. Parse the sentence. The old village tablecloth smelled of rye bread and milk.
1) Which parts of the sentence are called isolated? 2) In what cases are definitions separated? 3) When are applications separated? 4) What are the conditions?contribute to the isolation of circumstances? 5) In what styles of speech are participial and adverbial phrases used? 6) What are the clarifying members of a sentence used for?
What are isolated members of a sentence? What are they? When are members of a sentence generally isolated, and when not? In this article we will understand what isolated members of a sentence are, what categories they are divided into, as well as what rules of isolation exist.
The concept of isolated members of a sentence
So, let's start, as we should in such cases, with a definition. Isolated members of a sentence are those minor members that are distinguished by intonation and meaning. The emphasis is made so that they acquire “independence” within the entire phrase.
How are individual members of a sentence identified?
Emphasis during oral conversation occurs through intonation. If we talk about writing, then the situation is somewhat different. To highlight isolated members of a sentence in the text, commas are used.
Comparison of detached members with non-detached members
It is worth noting one simple fact: the syntactic weight of isolated members is much greater than that of their opposites. Consequently, stylistic expressiveness also increases. One cannot fail to mention logical selection.
What can be distinguished in the Russian language?
Of all the members of a sentence, only minor ones can be isolated. The main members in the proposal have never been isolated, and this is not expected in the near future.
Why is separation necessary?
It allows you to draw attention to a particular piece of information. In addition, the fragment can be presented in more detail by resorting to isolation. As mentioned earlier, isolated secondary members of a sentence have greater weight and greater independence. Let us immediately note that the separations can be very different. These are additions, circumstances, and definitions. Next we will try to understand each of these categories and give specific examples for each group.
Separating clarifications
First of all, let's figure out what separate clarifying members of a sentence are and why they are needed. As the name implies, such minor members of the sentence serve to specify and clarify. They are inextricably linked by a syntactic function with one or another member of the sentence, the meaning of which they, in fact, explain.
When are clarifying members of a sentence isolated?
1. Isolated clarifying members of a sentence can be expressed by a definition. Example: “It was dark around, even very dark, I would say. So much so that it seemed like someone in this world had simply turned off all the lights.” In this case, the phrase “even very dark” has a clarifying meaning and is separated by commas on both sides.
It is worth noting that definitions with a clarifying meaning can be highlighted when written using a dash. Example: “There were a lot of things in the house - both his personal ones and those that clearly did not belong to him.”
2. Circumstances of relevant significance are identified. They can be expressed by nouns with prepositions, as well as adverbs. For example:
- “Only a second passed - and an explosion thundered somewhere nearby, right behind him.”
- “Once upon a time, life flowed here, in a quiet, unfamiliar village.” Third example: “This happened quite recently, just a couple of days ago.”
Explanation: in the first and second examples, the clarification is in the nature of place. The third is the nature of time. Often the isolation of clarifications depends on the author of the passage.
3. Specifications added using the words “or”, “that is”, “namely” are distinguished. For example:
- “Whatever his name was. There were rumors that he was either a wizard, a magician, or a superman.”
- “It was a balanced, individual decision, that is, not imposed on him by anyone.”
- “A lot spoke about the terrible battle that took place here, namely: helmets and scraps of uniforms, craters from artillery shells, shell casings.”
4. Clarifying members of the sentence are isolated, which are added using words such as “even”, “especially”, “including”, “in particular”. For example:
- “Everyone remembers that no one was able to defeat the magician, even those who tried to do it in a crowd.”
- “The victory was a joy for everyone, especially for those who sacrificed a lot for this.”
- “Another second - the squad went for a breakthrough, including him.”
- “Many countries welcome Russian tourists with great joy, in particular Turkey is doing this now.”
Separating add-ons
Types of isolated members of a sentence include a group of additions. These are nothing more than case forms applied to nouns. They are used with such combinations as “except”, “instead of”, “except”, “along with”, “excluding”, “besides”. Thus, it can be noted that phrases in such use have meanings corresponding to substitution and inclusion, exclusion.
Separation occurs depending on what semantic load is present, whether the author has a desire to highlight this fragment:
- “He already felt more or less stable, except that his leg still hurt a little.”
- “In addition to the rain promised the day before, the sky lit up with branches of purple lightning, which for a moment left their bright mark on the retina.”
- “Along with the issues that were waiting to be resolved at work, it was necessary to do something about household matters.”
- “Besides all this, there was one more significant flaw in the product, which decisively deterred the purchase.”
- “And everything was fine, except, of course, for some points.”
Note that if the preposition “instead” is used in the meaning “instead”, then it is not isolated. Example: “In return for all the money he thought was promised by his friends, he received only promises, words and nothing more.”
Isolation of circumstances
Isolated members of a sentence are, as we found out earlier, secondary members that are distinguished by intonation and with the help of punctuation marks. When do circumstances become isolated? This is what we will talk about next.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by an adverbial phrase. Example: “The two of them, holding their breath and holding their breath, waited for the shadow to slip further past them.” Explanation: here “hidden and holding your breath” are homogeneous and isolated members of the sentence, expressed by the adverbial phrase. There is an exception to this rule. An adverbial phrase is not isolated if it is a phraseological unit.
- The circumstance is separated by commas on both sides, regardless of its location in the text, if it is expressed by a single type gerund. Example: “He left without turning around, although he understood what he had just done.” Explanation: here “without turning around” acts as a single gerund. There is also an exception here. A single gerund is not isolated if it merges with an adverb in its meaning. Example: “While someone was telling me something, I stood thoughtful.”
- Usually two participle phrases connected by the conjunction “and” (as well as two single participles) are isolated as one phrase. Example: “Despite the mistakes of others and not listening to common sense, I continued to persistently trample my path.” Explanation: here “despite the mistakes of others” and “without listening to common sense” are homogeneous adverbial phrases. Moreover, they refer to the same word, so they are equal. Therefore, there is no comma between them.
- A circumstance is isolated if it is presented as a comparative phrase. Usually in comparative phrases words like “exactly”, “as if”, “as” are used. There are some exceptions to the isolation of comparative turns; they are not isolated in all cases. In general, the isolation of comparisons and comparative phrases refers to the isolation of secondary members of sentences only sometimes, so we will not talk much about this in this article. Example: “My head hurt, as if something massive had been walked on it.”
There is such a concept in Russian syntax - optional. This means “at the discretion of the author.” So, circumstances are optionally isolated in two cases:
- If the circumstance is presented in the form of a noun. In this case, there may or may not be a pretext. But most of all there are cases when circumstances are isolated that are expressed by a combination of nouns with certain prepositions. These are: “thanks to”, “despite”, “contrary to”, “in accordance with”, “depending on”, “to avoid”, “in view of”. Examples:
“Thanks to the availability of free time, he was able to solve almost all his problems.”
- “Despite the rain, they still decided to go on a picnic.”
“Despite the threats, he has not changed his policy one bit.”
- “In accordance with the plan, all tasks were completed within the specified time frame.”
“Depending on what decision was made, a different fate awaited him.”
- “To avoid a fight, the people nearby separated them into different corners.”
“Due to unforeseen circumstances, something had to be decided quickly, but thoughtfully.” - If there is clarification of place and time. Example: “And yet it was impossible not to notice that here, in this room forgotten by civilization, some company once worked and flourished.”
How can you find isolated circumstances in the text? To do this, you must first find an ordinary circumstance. And then see if it is really separated by punctuation marks. After this, you can begin to analyze the question of how the isolated circumstance is expressed. The easiest way to start your search is with participial phrases, as well as single gerunds. Comparative phrases are no less visible, which, as you remember, are also separate circumstances along with clarifications of place and time, the manner of action of a person. There is a questionnaire called “Test “Isolated members of a sentence”. It usually gives tasks to search for isolations. There is a task in which you need to find a separate circumstance in the text, expressed by an adverbial phrase. It is logical that there will be not just one gerund, but a certain set of dependent words. Clarifying circumstances can be found just as easily. To do this, simply search for words that are expressed by nouns in indirect cases. Next to them there should be adverbs and prepositions. These, in most cases, are isolated circumstances, expressed by clarifications of place and time.
Signs of isolation
According to the rules of the Russian language, the signs of isolated members of a sentence can be divided into four groups. The first group is semantic features. The second is grammatical. The third is intonation (that is, pauses and emphasizing intonation). And the last, fourth group is punctuation signs. As mentioned earlier, most often punctuation marks such as commas act as punctuation marks. But it is possible that the separation will be done using a dash. Author's punctuation marks are still a rather complicated thing.
The role of isolation in the Russian language
Isolation often makes it possible to endow a particular fragment of text or phrase with some special meaning, to give it an informational weight that is different from that of other parts of the sentence. That is, due to isolation, a peculiar emphasis is placed on certain facts. During a conversation, we often, when talking about something, without noticing it ourselves, highlight some words and even phrases with intonation. Accordingly, we are trying to draw attention to these fragments; they play some special role in a given situation. This may introduce some clarifications as well. Thus, to summarize, we can say that the role of isolated members of the proposal lies in increasing the information load.
Test “Isolated members of a sentence”
Before moving on to the final part of the article, where we will summarize its results, I would like to write my own unique test with sentences to help the reader consolidate the knowledge gained about the isolation of minor members. Perhaps the test may seem easy to some, but in fact, it is precisely this type of task that is used to identify the knowledge of students in secondary educational institutions. Next there will be a task to which you need to answer, then answer options, and after that an explanation for those who answered the task incorrectly and the correct answer.
1. Which numbers correctly indicate ALL commas that should appear in the text? “He approached a lake (1) which shimmered in the sunlight (2) and went somewhere further.”
Options: a) only 1; b) only 2; c) 1 and 2.
Explanation: “which shimmered in the sunlight and went somewhere further” - a construction consisting of two participial phrases. The participial phrase is one example of a separate definition. “Shimmered in the sunlight” and “went somewhere further” are two equal participial phrases that refer to the same word. This means there is no comma between them.
Correct answer: a.
2. In all the following cases, a sentence will be immediately written in which you need to place the commas correctly. “Everything was fine (1) except (2) that on the horizon there was already looming (3) a group of clouds gathered into one whole (4) predicting a thunderstorm (5) and heavy rain.”
Options: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 1, 3, 4; c) 2, 5; d) 1, 2, 4.
Explanation: “except” is an example of a separate object. It is not at the beginning of the sentence and not at the end, so it is isolated on both sides at once. “A group of clouds gathered into one whole” is a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase. There will be no separation at the pass location (3). But between “clouds” and “predicting” there is a necessary comma. “Thunderstorm” and “rain” are two equal additions that refer to the same word. Therefore, there is no need for a comma between them.
Correct answer: Mr.
3. “The sky (1) gradually (2) darkened (3) occasionally illuminated by the branches of lightning (4) and somewhere in the distance (5) peals of thunder (6) were heard, foreshadowing bad weather.”
Answers: a) 1, 2, 5; b) 2, 3, 4, 5; c) 3, 4, 6; d) 1, 5, 6.
Explanation: gaps 1 and 2 will not contain a comma, because there is no clarification there. “Occasionally illuminated by the ramifications of lightning” is a common isolated circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase. It will be separated on both sides. “Foretelling bad weather” is a participial phrase at the end of a sentence. It is isolated on one side.
Correct answer: c.
Conclusion
So, what did we find out during this article?
- Firstly, the use of isolated members of a sentence is done with the aim of giving the isolated fragment independence and increased information load.
- Secondly, for isolation, commas and dashes are used in punctuation, and intonation is used in conversation.
- Thirdly, isolated members of a sentence can only be secondary.
Isolated members of a sentence, a table for which will be presented below, may have the purpose of clarifying the time and manner of action, place. They are often also expressed by gerunds, participles and phrases. Cases with comparisons are not excluded at all.
One of the sections of syntax is the isolated members of a sentence. The Russian language presupposes the presence of such minor isolated members as: additions, circumstances, definitions, clarifications and comparisons.
Separation of minor members
Punctuation in sentences with isolated members
Separation- this is the selection of any constructions with two characters (commas or dashes). It is precisely by two signs - this is what distinguishes separation from separation, for example, of homogeneous members, where the sign is not double.
Secondary members differ from the “primary” ones (subject and predicate) in that they are not included in the grammatical basis. That is, without them, a sentence as a unit of message can exist. Usually, the distinction between the main and minor members of a sentence does not cause difficulties. However, there are cases when a seemingly “completely minor” member turns out to be actually part of the predicate or subject, since without it the sentence is uninformative and meaningless.
Planes stand ready for takeoff.
Telepathy is an unsolved and alluring phenomenon.
Type Basics Planes are standing or Telepathy is a phenomenon do not allow us to understand what the speaker wanted to say, so it is necessary to expand the composition of the predicate. In this case, there are no secondary members in the sentence, and there is simply nothing to apply the rules for their isolation.
So, if we managed to separate the basis of the sentence from the minor members, then the next task is to determine which of the minor members is in front of us: definition(or its variation - an application), addition or circumstance. There are typical ways of expressing minor terms: definition- this is usually an adjective or participle, addition- noun, circumstance - adverb. However, one part of speech does not always play only a single syntactic role.
For example, a noun can also be a modifier ( checkered dress, house around the corner), and addition (letter to sister), and circumstance ( I'm writing to the village).
The members of a sentence are reliably determined only by the following questions:
definition: which one? whose?
application: which one? (expressed as a noun)
addition: who? what? and other questions of indirect cases
circumstance: where? Where? When? Why? for what purpose? no matter what? How? how? in what degree? to others
Why is there reliability here? Then, in order to accurately select the necessary rule: for a circumstance - the rule for isolating precisely the circumstances (and not additions, for example).
Considering that the isolation of additions is optional in most cases, we will dwell on the rules for the isolation of the remaining minor members.
Definitions can be agreed upon (red dress, flying birds) And inconsistent (what kind of dress? - polka dots, man - what? - in Hat). Inconsistent definitions are separated optionally; the absence of a sign, as a rule, is not classified as an error. For agreed definitions, the rule is more stringent. It is difficult to imagine a text, for example an essay, in which there would be no separate definitions. Therefore, knowledge of this rule is absolutely necessary.
1. To decide whether to isolate or not, two factors (or conditions) are most relevant:
1) the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined;
2) how the definition and the word being defined are expressed.
After the word being defined, the following are separated:
a) common definitions;
b) single homogeneous definitions.
Compare: The dawn that broke out in the east was covered with clouds. The dawn that broke out in the east was covered with clouds. The world, sunny and fragrant, surrounded us. A sunny and fragrant world surrounded us.
Notice how the punctuation changes depending on the position of the definition in relation to the word being defined.
2. Always (i.e., regardless of position) the following are separated:
a) definitions related to the personal pronoun;
b) definitions “torn off” from the word being defined (there are other members of the sentence between them);
c) definitions that have additional meaning, for example reasons (you can ask a question about them from the predicate verb Why?)
Excited by the experiences of the day, I haven't slept for a long time. Them, exhausted, I didn’t even want to talk. Narrow and transparent, hatches in the sky for a month. Blinded by the darkness, the old man stood motionless for a long time. (Why?)
MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION SECONDARY SCHOOL IN THE S.GORODNYA KONAKOVSKY DISTRICT OF THE TVER REGION
System of exercises on the topic:
“A simple complicated sentence.
Isolation of minor members of the sentence"
(9-11 grade)
Eremina Larisa Viktorovna, teacher of Russian language and literature
MBOU secondary school in Gorodnya
Konakovsky district, Tver region
2013
Isolation of introductory words.
Write down the sentences. Place punctuation marks. Explain punctuation marks.
We circled for a long time around a spacious bay filled with birds and, of course, got lost. (S.-M.) 2. He crawled, gasping for breath, falling into the snow, losing consciousness from tension, crawling, hurrying to quickly get to the crest of a hillock, from which the saving road should probably be visible. (Pol.) 3. Our nightingale was apparently one of the experienced old singers. (S.-M.) 4. Of all the songbirds, perhaps the bird closest to humans is the starling. (S.-M.) 5.K Fortunately, Pechorin was lost in thought, looking at the blue battlements of the Caucasus, and it seemed that he was in no hurry to get on the road. (M.L.) 6. To his horror, Vronsky felt that he had made a bad, unforgivable move (L.T.) 7. Morning luckily it turned out to be fresh, clean, with elastic clouds, with a blue sky. (A.) 8. According to him, I was sent by Pugachev to Orenburg as a spy (P.) 9. According to the hunter, we were the first Muscovites to fall into these places over the last ten years. (Paust.) 10. There was nothing that, in Plyushkin’s opinion, would not be useful on the farm. (G.) 11 So, I advise you, as a friend, to be more careful. (L.) 12 However, he nevertheless, he wrote to Alexei, and wrote quite quickly. (Pol.) 13. Soon, however, a spacious expanse of water appeared across the span of the forest road. (Boon) 14. In a word, the house where Petya lived was excellent in all respects..
Keys
We circled for a long time around a spacious bay filled with birds and, of course, got lost. (S.-M.) 2. He crawled, gasping for breath, falling into the snow, losing consciousness from stress, crawling, hurrying to quickly get to the crest of the hillock, from which, probably the saving road should be visible. (Pol.) 3. Our nightingale was, apparently, one of the experienced old singers. (S-.M.) 4. Of all the songbirds, perhaps the bird closest to humans is the starling. (S.-M.) 5. Fortunately, Pechorin was lost in thought, looking at the blue battlements of the Caucasus, and, it seems, was not in a hurry to get on the road. (M.L.) 6. Vronsky, to his horror, felt that he had made a bad, unforgivable movement (L.T.) 7. The morning, fortunately, turned out to be fresh, clean, with elastic clouds, with a blue sky. (A.) 8. According to him, I was sent by Pugachev to Orenburg as a spy. (P.) 9. We were, according to the hunter, the first Muscovites to come to these places in the last ten years. (Paust.) 10. There was nothing that, in Plyushkin’s opinion, was not useful on the farm. (G.) 11. So, I advise you, as a friend, to be more careful. (L.) 12 However, he still wrote to Alexei, and wrote quite soon. (Pol.) 13. Soon, however, in the forest passage a spacious expanse of water appeared along the road. (Boon) 14. In a word, the house where Petya lived was excellent in all respects..
Isolation of clarifying members of a sentence.
Write down the sentences. Place punctuation marks. Graphically explain the placement of punctuation marks.
1.Here in the forest region my love for living, joyful nature, for my native land was born. (S.-M.) 2. Early in the morning, before dawn, I trampled the fire and, having straightened my hunting equipment, went to the current. (S.-M.) 3. Among the pine park
on a sandy hillock, the guys settled down in groups to rest. (A.G.) 4. The nightingale was no longer abrupt and hesitant like yesterday, but in a new way, leisurely and calmly poured out over the entire garden. (L.T.) 5. In front of the during the war, he managed to visit home in a small village on the banks of a winding meadow river. (Pol.) 6. Late in the evening, that is, around eleven, I went for a walk along the linden alley of the boulevard. (L.) 7. The taiga is always filled with life, even in severe winter. (Perm.) 8. Even in cities, for example in Moscow, when the shallow Moscow River begins to move, all its banks and bridges are strewn with people. (Ax.) 9. After tea, Anna Sergeevna suggested going for a walk, but it began to rain, and the whole company, with the exception of the princess, returned to the living room. (T.) 10. The gaze embraces the space far away and sees nothing except the snow-white sand of multi-colored and varied grass and monotonous bushes. (G.)
Keys.
1. Here, in the forest region, my love for living, joyful nature, for my native land was born. (S.-M.) 2. Early in the morning, before dawn, I trampled the fire and, having straightened my hunting equipment, went to the lek .(S.-M.) 3.Among the pine park,
on a sandy hillock, the guys, having broken up in groups, settled down to rest. (A.G.) 4. The nightingale was no longer like yesterday, abruptly and hesitantly, but in a new way, leisurely and calmly, poured out over the whole garden. (L.T .) 5. Just before the war, he managed to visit home, in a small village on the banks of a winding meadow river. (Pol.) 6. Late in the evening, that is, at about eleven o’clock, I went for a walk along the linden alley of the boulevard. (L.) 7. The taiga is always, even in severe winter, filled with life. (Perm.) 8. Even in cities, for example in Moscow, when the shallow Moscow River begins to move, all its banks and bridges are strewn with people. (Ax.) 9. After tea, Anna Sergeevna suggested going for a walk, but it began to rain, and the whole company, with the exception of the princess, returned to the living room. (T.) 10. The gaze embraces the space far away and meets nothing except snow-white sand, multi-colored and varied grass and monotonous bushes. (G.)
Isolation of circumstances.
Write it off. Fill in the missing commas. Underline the adverbial phrases as parts of the sentence.
1. Having got out into the open water, the old duck swam along the bay, looking around in fear and calling the ducklings to her with alarming cries. 2. Greeting the day on the coastal willow, the turtle doves, amazingly gentle birds, cooed again. 3. Making his way to the rock, he heard shooting and, overtaking the other scouts, rushed there, breaking bushes like a bear in a bold and terrible rage. 4. The droplets race and as they flow, the pink icicle at dawn brightens and becomes transparent, shimmering with a rainbow, and the light breaking through it is divided on the white birch trunk into seven colors of the spectrum.
5. Pale with a weak, bewildered smile on her dusty lips, she looked warily at the quiet sky, across which bright summer clouds hurriedly floated, waddling and swirling.
6. Over the village occupied by the Reds, shells rushed with a howl and whistle, drowning out everything, and as they fell, torn up blocks of earth flew up..7. Lazy sitting sleeping lying working. 8. The coquette judges in cold blood. Tatyana loves in earnest.9. I’ll tell you only one thing: you can’t sit idly by. 10. Due to the melting of snow and glaciers, the Black River overflowed its banks and flooded low-lying pastures.
Isolation of circumstances.
1. Highlight the participial phrases.
2. Carry out a morphological analysis of gerunds.
Having fixed his tear-moistened gaze on his grandson, the grandfather carefully stroked his head with a rough hand. (M. Gorky)
Isolation of minor members of the sentence.
Copy by opening the brackets and inserting the missing letters. Fill in the missing punctuation marks. Emphasize isolated definitions and circumstances.
1(.Not) in the distance something heavy crashed into the water and, breathing noisily, moved forward. 2. A moose came into the reeds, fearfully falling on its front legs. 3. (Not) noticing the danger, the giant fell exhausted into the reeds and moaned protractedly and pitifully.
4. When I was busy putting the first blush on the lake, the hunter was awakened by a splash. 5. The man whistled, throwing his proud head back, rushed through the reeds into the forest and disappeared.
6. Herds of round clouds, amazingly white, looking like lumps of foam, floated across the sky. 7. The main battle, the last and decisive, flared up directly on the city approaches.
8. Dry and loose snow rushed along the lightened rails and, rising up, smoked under the roofs of the cars.
9.My companion, the old hunter, managed to meet a leopard in the forest. 10. Large candle pine trees glowed with sunlight.
Keys.
1. Not far away, something heavy crashed into the water and, breathing noisily, moved forward. 2. The elk walked into the reeds in fear, falling on his front legs. 3. Not noticing the danger, the giant fell exhausted into the reeds and moaned protractedly and pitifully.
4. When dawn broke, laying the first blush on the lake, the hunter was awakened by a splash. 5. The man whistled, throwing his proud head back, rushed through the reeds into the forest and disappeared.
6. Herds of round clouds, amazingly white, like lumps of foam, floated across the sky. 7. The main battle, the last and decisive, flared up directly on the city approaches.
8. The snow, dry and loose, rushed along the lightened rails and, rising up, smoked under the roofs of the cars.
9.My companion, an old hunter, managed to meet a leopard in the forest. 10. Pine trees, large candles, glowed with sunlight.
Separate definitions.
Copy using missing punctuation marks. Underline isolated definitions.
1. And, white with gray hair, I go again to your fields, so that the nightingales of my Russia will forever sing over me. (I. Palkin) 2. Born in distant years under a vague rural star, I love our Russian nature no worse than another. (Marmot .)
1. Neither storms, storms, nor difficult days of suffering are scary for us young people. (Marmot.)
2. And she, all thin, big-eyed, light, unexpectedly transformed from an old woman-pious into a young girl. (Gender).
I returned home saddened and put the Browning back in its original place. (A.G.)
He made a few movements and slid away, exhausted and weak. (Floor)
He managed to sneak with impunity almost close to imaginary enemy posts and, pursued by a hail of shots from rifles and machine guns, returned unharmed to his camp. (A.G.)
1. The rumor about the red flags hung in Krasnodon in honor of the revolution spread throughout all the cities and towns of the Donetsk basin. (A.F.) 2. Valko was an old business executive, promoted from the miners. (A.F.) 3. Through the open window looking out towards the mine, one could see the movement of military units, trucks leaving the city in a column of evacuated residents. (A.F)
Herds of round clouds, amazingly white, looking like lumps of foam, floated across the sky. (Sart.) 2. First of all, they were famous for their military deeds, known far beyond the borders of their unit. (Cat.) 3. Play, my button accordion, and tell all your friends who are brave and daring in battle that, like a friend, we love our Motherland. (L. Davidov.)
1. Dry and loose snow rushed along the bleached, cold rails between the station platforms and, rising up, smoked under the roofs of the cars. 2. The chintz curtain moved, and I saw Anka’s face, pale and emaciated. (A.A.) 3. The main battle, the last and decisive, flared up directly on the city approaches. (Furm
1. Warmed by the sun, the slow turtles set off in the lagoons. (S.-M) 2. Exhausted by the obsessive thought of the sail, the grandfather fell into oblivion
(Cat.) 3. Unpretentious in clothes, Alexei suddenly began to iron his trousers every day, clean the buttons of his uniform jacket, and shaved his coarse stubble every day. (Pol.)
1. Surrounded by light turbidity, the crimson sun appeared. (Ch.) 2. Bordered by bushes of young willow trees, the lake sparkles with multi-colored lights. (Nick.) 3 He stood surprised by the unexpected meeting and, also embarrassed, was about to leave. (Acute.)
1. In a noisy crowd with bags in their hands, they walked in the middle of the village street. (S.-M) 2. Lyuba, with a coat thrown over her arm, entered the entrance of a house unfamiliar to her. (Fad.)
Keys.
Agreed definitions referring to personal pronouns that appear before the word being defined.
1. And, whitened with gray hair, I go again to your fields, so that the nightingales of my Russia will forever sing over me. (I. Palkin) 2. Born in distant years under a vague rural star, I love our Russian nature no worse than another. (Marmot.)
Agreed definitions relating to personal pronouns that appear after the word being defined.
1. We, young people, are not afraid of neither storms, nor storms, nor difficult days of suffering. (Marmot.)
2. And all of her, thin, big-eyed, light, suddenly transformed from an old praying woman into a young girl. (Gender).
Agreed definitions that are distant from the word being defined. (personal pronoun.)
Saddened, I returned home and put the Browning back in its original place. (A.G.)
He made a few movements and slid away, exhausted and weak. (Floor)
He managed to sneak with impunity almost close to imaginary enemy posts and, pursued by a hail of shots from rifles and machine guns, returned unharmed to his camp. (A.G.)
Agreed common definitions, expressed by a participial phrase, appearing after the noun being defined.
1. The rumor about the red flags hung in Krasnodon in honor of the revolution spread throughout all the cities and towns of the Donetsk basin. (A.F.) 2. Valko was an old business executive, promoted from the working miners. (A.F.) 3. In an open window overlooking the mine, one could see the movement of military units, trucks leaving the city, columns of evacuated residents. (A.F)
Agreed definitions, expressed by adjectives with dependent words, appearing after the noun being defined.
Herds of round clouds floated across the sky, amazingly white, like lumps of foam. (Sart.) 2. First of all, they were famous for their military deeds, known far beyond the borders of their unit. (Cat.) 3. Play, my button accordion, and tell all your friends, brave and courageous in battle, that, like a friend, we love our Motherland.
(L. Davidov.)
Two homogeneous, consistent, uncommon definitions appearing after the word being defined.
1. The snow, dry and loose, rushed along the bleached, cold rails between the station platforms and, rising up, smoked under the roofs of the cars.2. The chintz curtain moved, and I saw Anka’s face, pale and emaciated. (A.A.) 3. The main battle, the last and decisive, flared up directly on the city approaches. (Furm)
Agreed definitions that appear before the defined noun and have an additional adverbial meaning.
1. Warmed by the sun, the slow turtles set off in the lagoons. (S.-M) 2. Exhausted by the obsessive thought of the sail, grandfather fell into oblivion. (Cat.) 3. Unpretentious in clothes, Alexey suddenly began ironing his trousers and cleaning buttons every day uniform jacket, shaved his coarse stubble every day. (Pol.)
Agreed definitions that are distant from the word being defined.
1. Surrounded by light turbidity, the crimson sun appeared. (Ch.) 2. Bordered by bushes of young willow trees, the lake sparkles with multi-colored lights. (Nick.) 3 He stood, surprised by the unexpected meeting, and, also embarrassed, was about to leave. (Sharp.)
Inconsistent definitions relating to nouns and personal pronouns.
1. In a noisy crowd, with bags in their hands, they walked in the middle of the village street. (S.-M) 2. Lyuba, with a coat thrown over her arm, entered the entrance of a house unfamiliar to her. (Fad.)
Isolation of participial and participial phrases.
Write down the text, inserting missing letters and punctuation marks. Underline the participles and gerunds as parts of the sentence. Show graphically the boundaries of participial and participial phrases.
The sun, having broken through the region, illuminates the yellowish spruce forest. We are standing near a stone pillar approved...on the border... between two provinces; the bear rising in anger seems to us more like a peasant's coat of arms than a noble one. A tall, sunlit fir tree, covered in long copper cones, stretched out its heavy, furry paws around. The sh...fer who stopped-
A truck immediately appeared, probably because of the sun and the resinous spirit and the smell of melting snow, suddenly grabbed a fragment of a pole that was lying here, threw it up, and the old spruce, disturbed by it, instantly dressed itself in s... ..yawning, flying seeds. Each seed is attached to the base of a tiny wing, but in flight, whirling around, it looks like a moth cheerfully flapping its two wings.
Glistening slowly, the winged seeds fall to the ground.
1. Highlight the participial phrases.
2. Carry out a morphological analysis of participles.
While waiting for the ferry, they both lay down in the shadow of the coastal cliff and looked for a long time and silently at the fast and muddy waves of the Kuban at their feet.
Lenka dozed off, and grandfather Arkhip, feeling a dull, pressing pain in his chest, could not sleep. Against the dark brown background of the earth, their battered and crumpled figures barely stood out as two pitiful lumps; tired, tanned and dusty faces matched the color of their brown rags.
The bony and long figure of Grandfather Arkhip stretched across a narrow strip of sand; Lenka, dozing off, lay curled up at his grandfather’s side. Lenka was small, fragile, in rags, he seemed like a gnarled twig, broken off from his grandfather - an old withered tree, brought and thrown here, onto the sand, by the waves of the river.
The grandfather, raising his head on his elbow, looked at the opposite bank, bathed in the sun and poorly bordered by sparse willow bushes. His dull and inflamed eyes, with red, swollen eyelids, blinked restlessly, and his wrinkled face froze in an expression of languid melancholy.
Having fixed his tear-moistened gaze on his grandson, the grandfather carefully stroked his head with a rough hand.
(M. Gorky)
References:
1.G.A.Kostyaeva, G.M.Churikov. Collection of dictations on punctuation for grades 8-9.
M. Education. 1989
2. Collection of tasks and exercises in the Russian language. For 9th grade of secondary school. Edited by Yu.S. Pichugov and B.I. Fomins.
M. Enlightenment. 1991
3. Standard exam options. Russian language. Edited by I.P. Tsybulko. National education. M.2015
4. N.A. Senina, S.V. Garmash, G.N. Kobyakova, A.G. Narushevich. Russian language. 9th grade. Training options for 2015. Legion. Rostov-on-Don.2014
In addition to the main members, the sentence, as a rule, also contains secondary ones. They serve to clarify the basic information expressed by the main members.
What minor members are found in sentences
Most often, three minor members of a sentence are distinguished: addition, definition and circumstances. Sentences that have at least one minor member are called common. The table shows questions, ways of expression and examples of various minor members of the sentence.
Isolation of minor members of a sentence
Secondary members can be separated. Isolation is the use of punctuation marks, usually commas. This topic is studied in 8th grade, as it requires fairly developed syntactic thinking.
All minor members of a sentence can be separated. However, separate additions are not studied at school. But it is recommended to remember that additions with the prepositions “despite” and “except” are distinguished.
Separate definition
Most often you can find a separate definition in a sentence.
Definitions are separated
- related to personal pronoun (And he, the rebellious one, asks for a storm);
- common definitions (adjective or participle with dependent words: The house that stood by the river was no one’s), if they appear after the word being defined;
- two or more homogeneous definitions, if they appear after the defined noun (It was Vasya, alive and well);
- which have additional meaning of reason or concession (Tired, Trofimov still walked on).
What is an application and when is it separated?
An application is a definition expressed by a noun, usually agreed: beautiful girls; application - beauties.
The application can be rephrased into the usual definition: beautiful girls.
Applications are separated according to the same rule as definitions.
Special circumstances
The most common isolated secondary members of a sentence are circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases. They are separated by commas, regardless of where they appear.
If the participial phrase is a phraseological unit, commas are not needed: He worked carelessly.
What have we learned?
From the article we learned that in addition to the main sentences - the subject and the predicate, sentences also have secondary members - an object, a definition, a circumstance. You can determine the identity of a secondary member of a sentence by asking a question about it. We also learned about how minor members of a sentence are separated.